| 1 | Mangrove forests in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands The Andaman and Nicobars have nearly 450 and 13.8 square miles of mangrove forests. They develop in areas covered by brackish water at high tide, such as the mud flats along tidal streams. These forests are of the gregarious type, i.e. they are largely composed of single species or a new allied ones. Some of these occur in Malaya and the Philippines where considerable work has been done on their utilization. With a view to the possibility of utilizing them for similar purposes data have been collected from these countries. The principal products derived are fire-woods, charcoal, tan barks, dye barks and the various products of the Nipa palm including thatching material and alcohol. Tests confirm that they are excellent fuelwood. Their distribution in the Andaman and Nicobar and their characteristics are described. A key to the genera of mangrove-swamp plants in these islands has been drawn up for rapid identification in the field. The difficulties of extraction and how to overcome them by improved mechanical means are also described Source: Sahni, K.C. Proceedings of the Mangrove Symposium. 1957; 114-123. 0019. | ||
| 2 | Studies on littoral flora of Andaman Islands Marine macrophytes of Andaman islands were qualitatively surveyed. In all 40 genera, 64 species of marine algae, 17 genera, 22 species of mangroves while 3 genera, 3 species of seagrasses are reported. There were 26 species of rhodophyta, 21 species of chlorophyta, 14 species of phaeophyta and 3 species of cyanophyta. The dominants were Acetabularia calyculus, Codium taitense. Halimeda species. Dictyosphaeria cavernosa, Padina pavonia, Pocockiella sp. Turbinaria species, Galaxaura species. The mangrove flora is dominated by Rhizophora apiculata, R. mucronata and Avicennia marina. Seagrasses Thalassia hemprichii and Halodule univervis were commonly observed in the infralittoral zone Source: Jagtap, T.G. Marine Plants: All India Symposium on Marine Plants, their Biology, Chemistry and Utilization, Dona Paula, Goa October 30 - November 1, 1983. Krishnamurthy, V. ; Untawale, A.G. Eds. 1985; 43-50. 0254. | ||
| 3 | Mangrove forest of Andamans and some aspects of its ecology The ecological aspects of Andaman, India are described. They are mostly responsible for the growth of mangrove vegetation. The aspects that support vegetation are climatic conditions, geology, and substrata. Around 25 exclusive species (21 common and 5 confined to Andaman) of mangroves were found. The proximal middle and distal zones were identified based on the distribution of mangroves. The regeneration was not noticed Source: Mall, L.P.; Singh, V.P.; Garge, A.; Pathak, S.M. The Mangroves: Proceedings of National Symposium on Biology, Utilization and Conservation of Mangroves, Nov. 18-20, 1985. Bhosale, L.J. ed. 1986; 25-38. 0287. | ||
| 4 | Some ecological aspects of mangrove forest of Andaman islands Ecological studies of mangrove forest were undertaken at 10 sites covering a large area of mangrove forests of the Andaman Islands. Forty species belonging to 28 genera, of over 20 families have been recorded. Complexity index of each site has been determined. Mangroves of middle Andaman have more complexity index than south Andaman. Zonational pattern of mangrove species at different sites was studied. It is seen that each species usually occupies a salinity zone to which it is best adapted Source: Singh, V.P.; Mall, L.P.; Garge, A.; Pathak, S.M. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.. 83(3); 1986; 525-537. 0389. | ||
| 5 | Mangroves as component of coastal ecosystems of the Andamans The mangrove ecosystems in different islands of the Andaman and Nicobar group have been described with respect to location, species distribution, productivity and role in food web for resident and transient fauna. The significance of mangroves in aquaculture in the islands using different species of fishes and prawns and a need for preservation of the ecosystems is emphasized Source: Rajagopalan, M.S. Proceedings of the Symposium on Management of Coastal Ecosystems and Oceanic Resources of the Andamans. Singh, N.T. ; Gangwar, B.; Rao, G.C.; Soundararajan, R. eds. 1987; 1-7. 0415. | ||
| 6 | Mangrove vegetation, its structure, ecology, management and importance with special reference to Andaman and Nicobar Islands Mangrove trees not only provide timber, tannin, firewood, woodcharcoal, nutrition to various types of fish and shelter to wildlife but also preserve shorelines and actually can extend the land's edge by trapping sediments and building seaward. Preliminary observations on structural pattern, ecology and management of mangrove vegetation with special reference to Andaman and Nicobar Islands have been made. Survival, utilization and conservation strategies of mangrove species have also been suggested Source: Dagar, J.C. Proceedings of the Symposium on Management of Coastal Ecosystems and Oceanic Resources of the Andamans. Singh, N.T. ; Gangwar, B.; Rao, G.C. eds. 1987; 8-23. 0416. | ||
| 7 | Ecological studies on mangrove forests of Ritchie's archipelago in relation to substrata In this paper, ecological study of mangrove forests of 4 Islands in the Ritchie's archipelago was studied. Structure, composition and zonational pattern of mangrove forests were determined in relation to muddy, sandy and rocky substrata. Total 16 species of mangroves were recorded. Maximum complexity index was noted on muddy substratum. Formation of pneumatophores and knee roots was more in the muddy substratum. A significant relationships between dissolved oxygen, salinity and size and number of pneumatophores and knee roots were also established Source: Mall, L.P.; Singh, V.P.; Garge, A.; Pathak, S.M. Trop. Ecol.. 28; 1987; 182-192. 0434. | ||
| 8 | Fauna of conservation areas: A general account of the mangrove fauna of Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India (Plants and Invertebrates) The mangrove fauna of Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India was studied in detail during 1978-83. Both marine and terrestrial fauna of mangroves of the Bay Islands have been described. An account of mangrove borers and galls, faunal zonations in the mangroves and results of quantitative studies of some mangrove inhabiting crabs of South Andaman Islands are also described Source: Das, A.K.; Roy, M.K.D. 1989; 173; pp. 0494. | ||
| 9 | Human impact assessment on Mangrove forests of Andaman Islands A comparative study of disturbed and undisturbed mangrove forests of Andaman has been done. It was noted that mangrove forests of Andaman Islands are one of the best mangrove forests of the world having high floristic richness, complexity index and biomass production. Rapid development and population inflow in the Islands has resulted in the clearance of certain areas of mangrove forests, due to which many species Bruguiera gymnorhiza, B. cylindrica, B. parviflora, B. sexangula, Rhizophora lamarckii, R. stylosa, Ceriops tagal, Lumnitzera racemosa, Sonneratia apetala and Nypa fruticans have been affected. The values of biomass, litter-fall, litter decomposition, soil respiration were greater in undisturbed forests Source: Singh, V.P.; Mall, L.P.; Garge, A.; Pathak, S.M. Indian Forest.. 116(2); 1990; 131-139. 0535. | ||
| 10 | Characteristics of mangrove vegetation of the Bay Islands in India The mangle formation of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands in the Bay of Bengal is highly luxuriant, largly free from human intervention and is distributed along the coasts where creeks are formed and in river mouths with muddy formations. The phytogeography of 35 exclusive mangrove species of Bay Islands distributed over 13 families and 17 genera is reported. Eighteen communities/associations involving mangroves and associate littoral species, have been identified and their distribution with special reference to the substratum and soil has been given. Zonation pattern has been illustrated. Litter production under some important species of mangroves varies from 5.1 to 11.0 t/ha/year at some specific sites. The utilization of this valuable ecosystem by the aborigines and the settlers has been described. During the past two decades, the mangroves of Bay Islands are under biotic stress. Necessity for their conservation and regeneration of this resource in denuded habitats through judicious planning is emphasized Source: Dagar, J.C.; Singh, N.T.; Mongia, A.D. International Conference on High Salinity - Tolerant plants in Arid Regions. 1990; p.10. 0597. | ||
| 11 | Role of mangroves in island ecosystems with particular reference to the Bay Islands Management, conservation of mangroves with special reference to the mangrove ecosystem on Andaman and Nicobar Islands has been discussed. It also proposes, the guidelines for the selection of mangrove areas for preservation, conservation and declaration as forest reserves and release for agricultural/aquacultural use Source: Bandyopadhya, A.K. A global network of mangrove genetic resource centres. Project formulation workshop, January 15-19, 1991, Madras, India. Deshmukh, S.V. ; Mahalingam, R. eds. 1991; 35-42. 0617. | ||
| 12 | Ecology of mangrove swamps of the Andaman Islands The mangrove swamps of Andaman Islands, India were studied to know their ecological aspects. The geographical area covered, environmental factors, ecological and physiological adaptation, taxonomic enumeration, pattern and process in mangrove forests, their functional aspects, nutrient status in mangrove ecosystems causes and consequences of mangrove destruction and management of the mangrove resources were taken into account Source: Singh, V.P.; Garge, A. 1993; 181; pp. 0787. | ||
| 13 | Characteristics of mangrove soils and vegetation of Bay Islands in India The mangal formation of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands in the Bay of Bengal is highly luxuriant, largely free from human intervention and is distributed along the coasts where creeks are formed and in river mouths with muddy formations. The phytogeography of 35 exclusive mangrove species of Bay Islands distributed over 13 families and 17b genera is reported. Eighteen communities/ associations involving mangroves and associate littoral species, have been identified and their distribution with special reference to the substratum and soil has been given Source: Dagar, J.C.; Singh, N.T.; Mongia, A.D. Towards the rational use of high salinity tolerant plants. Vol. 1. Lieth, H. ; Masoom, A.A. eds. 1993; 59-80. 0799. | ||
| 14 | Mangroves of bay islands The mangroves of Bay Islands at Andaman & Nicobar were studied. The total area covered by mangroves was 77769 ha. There are 60 exclusive species of mangroves distributed there. The mangrove vegetation in this area is mostly fringing along the creeks, backwaters and muddy as well as flat rocky shores. Rhizophora apiculata, R. mucronata, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Heritiera littoralis, Nypa fruticans, Sonneratia caseolaris and Excoecaria agallocha are the most prominent mangroves, throughout the islands. In the Andaman groups of islands, R. apiculata and R. mucronata are the most dominant species towards the sea. Three conspicuous zones are noticed: proximal zone facing the sea, middle zone and distal zone. The mangroves and adjacent water-bodies may be considered very productive when compared to the offshore waters of the Bay of Bengal. The average production in this mangrove ecosystem is estimated to 0.16 g C/m2/day Source: Bandyopadhyay, A.K. Conservation of mangrove forest genetic resources: A training manual. Deshmukh, S.V. ; Balaji, V. eds. 1994; 135-144. 0840. | ||
| 15 | Marine flora of Andaman and Nicobar group of Islands, Andaman Seas, India Marine microphytes form an important constituent of island ecosystem. Therefore the present study is an account of mangroves, seaweeds and seagrasses from Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Mangroves in Andaman are represented by 27 spp but Rhizophora mucronata Lamk and R. stylosa Griff forms the dominant vegetation. While anly 10 spp are recorded in Nicobar. Maximum of seven species of seagrasses were recorded from Katchal and Nancowry in Nicobar however only four species were recorded from Andaman. A total of 105 species of sea weeds have been recorded in Andaman and Nicobar islands Source: Jagtap, T.G. Andaman and Nicobar Islands: Challenges of developments. Suryanarayan, V. ; Sudarsen, V. eds. 1994; 133-143. 0880. | ||
| 16 | Floristic composition, palynology and sedimentary facies of Hadi mangrove swamp (Maharashtra) The mangrove profile of Hadi has been subjected to palynological analysis and sedimentary facies study. On the basis of identifiable taxa, number of ecological complexes has been recognized. No organic recover at 50 cm level and its conspicuous absence may be related to an ecological shift probably as a result of a natural cause. The abundance of spores of a freshwater flood plain fern (Ceratopteris thalictroides) at 100 cm level suggests a possible influx of freshwater. Further the recovery of good mangrove pollen (Rhizophoraceae and Avicenniaceae) between 130 and 140 cm interval indicates luxuriance of mangrove as a result of periodic influx of freshwater. As the sustenance of mangroves is related to hydrodynamics and sedimentology, the mangrove swamps form an ideal storage site for palaeomonsoon records. There is hardly any input of environmental magnetism along with pollen analysis from the mangrove sediments of India for high-resolution palaeoclimatic study. Hence, the importance of an integrated study of mangrove sediments has been discussed using Hadi swamp profile. Source: Kumaran, K.P.N.; Shindikar, M.R.; Mudgal, T.R. J. Indian Geophys. Union. 8(1); 2004; 55-63. 1319. | ||
| 17 | Flowering plants and fern in mangrove ecosystems of India: An identification manual Mangroves are unique ecosystems occurring along the coastal and muddy inter-tidal regions of the tropical and subtropical regions of the world. They support genetically diverse group of aquatic and terrestrial organisms. Mangrove have great ecological and economic significance and their manifold uses include coastal protection, nutrient enrichment and fishery production. In India, the mangrove forests exist along both the east and west coasts and are well explored in terms of fisheries and other aspects by various institutions. However mangrove forests are under threat due to various natural and man made causes. In this backdrop it is essential to know the species ocuring along our coast and their status for conservation. Realizing the importance of species identification of mangrove plants, the ENVIS center published a checklist for Indian mangroves during 1999 with key for identification. The checklist is now updated with colour plates and more number of species along with their uses. This manual provides information on diagnostic characters for 85 species of flowering plants and fern coming under 53 genera and 34 families. Source: Rajendran, N.; Sanjeevi, S.B. 2004; 110; pp. 1356. | ||
| 18 | Main characteristics of Indian mangroves Of all mangroves, the Indian formations have suffered most through human and animal agency. In the deltas, the density of the human populations exceeds 700 inhabitants per km2 and the density of the cattle population is so high that even a rough approximation is very difficult to make. Man has utilized and exploited the products of mangroves in an uncontrolled way for many years. This uncontrolled utilization has resulted in diversified, physiognomically degraded, floristically simple, and impoverished mangrove formations. The diversity of Indian halophytic vegetation today is surprising with regard to ecology, floral composition, physiognomy, and structure of each vegetation type, all of which vary from one delta to another. The phyto-geographic characteristics of the most important deltas are described in this report Source: Blasco, F.; Caratini, C.; Chanda, S.; Thanikaimoni, G. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Biology and Management of Mangroves. Vol. 1. Walsh, G.E. ; Snedaker, S.C.; Teas, H.J. eds. 1975; 71-87. 1375. | ||
| 19 | Mangroves of India : Status report Areawise distribution of mangrove forests in India estimated by different research personnel is reviewed. Variations in these estimates underline the need for carrying out a comprehensive survey. The mangrove species distributed on east and west coast of India are listed and compared. The present problem of conservation and management of these habitats and possible solutions are highlighted Source: Deshmukh, S.V. A global network of mangrove genetic resource centres. Project formulation workshop, January 15-19, 1991, Madras, India. Deshmukh, S.V. ; Mahalingam, R. eds. 1991; 15-25. 1436. | ||
| 20 | Mangroves of India: State-of-the-art report (1987-1996) Mangroves are the salt tolerant forest ecosystems found mainly in tropical and subtropical intertidal regions of the world. Indian mangroves are distributed in about 6,740 sq. km which constituted 7% of the world mangroves and 8% of the total Indian coastline. A total area under the mangrove vegetation was recorded on the east coast 70%, on the west coast 12% and the bay islands of Andaman and Nicobar 18%. Ecology and faunal association of mangrove habitats have been studied in several mangrove areas. The plants which grow there have to encounter higher salinity, tidal extremes, wind velocity, high temperature and muddy anaerobic soil. The plants are well-adapted to the changes in climate, the rise in sea levels and to the incidence of solar ultraviolet-B-radiation. Other aspects such as microbiology, flora, fauna, utilization, biochemistry, plankton and degradation which are related to mangroves have been studied. Conservation and management of mangrove genetic resources in an imperative need to prevent deforestation, coastal erosion and fall in fishery resources. The same is also addressed Source: ENVIS Publ. Ser.. 1/97(1997); 61; pp. 1442. | ||
| 21 | The mangrove ecosystem in India A very recent telecast report (April, 1985) indicates that India loses one sq. km area of wet land every half an hour which becomes a waste land. Mangroves are also categorised under wet land ecosystems and these ecosystems are endangered. India has a total coastline of about 7000 km including island chains (Blasco 1975). It is divisible mainly into east and west coasts. On the east is the Bay of Bengal and on the west is the Arabian Sea. The southern part where these two meet is touched by the Indian Ocean. The mangrove area in India has been reported by Sidhu (1963) as 6,81,976 hectares. However, this does not include all mangrove areas. The report of Blasco (1977) estimates the mangrove area in India as being 3,65,500 ha. The decrease in area reported later by Blasco may not be only because of destruction of mangroves. In fact, no information on methodology used in these works is available. It cannot be said whether there is a lot of felling, reclamation of areas or other disturbances. It is unclear whether estimates included only wooded regions or also included marshes, taking into consideration the total mangrove area. According to the information available from the IUCN/WWF Bulletin (1981), India has lost mangroves from 16,000 sq. km area. Since 1959 mangroves from 768 sq. km have been lost from West Bengal alone Source: Bhosale, L.J. In: Mangrove Ecosystems of Asia and the Pacific, Status Exploration and Management. Field, C.D. ; Dartnall, A.J. Eds. 1987; 24-30. 1452. | ||
| 22 | Species diversity and distribution of mangroves in India India, with its 6,740 sq. kms. littoral area along the deltas, estuaries, backwaters and lagoons, represent the third largest formation of the world, supporting more than 116 angiosperms, ferns, algae and fungi. Mangrove plant communities are restricted up to the limit of saline tide water flow from the mouth of different rivers, they are found well-developed along the East Coast, Andaman and Nicobar Islands and west coast of India. Mangrove formations are well-known for their highest biological productivity and natural protection and conservation of the coastal erosion and inland properties. Species composition and distribution of mangroves in India have been briefly discussed in this paper to provide better knowledge Source: Banerjee, L.K.; Gosh, D. An anthology of Indian mangroves (A commemorative volume on the Golden Jubilee of India's independence). 1998; 20-24. 1496. | ||
| 23 | Prioritization of potential sites for marine biodiversity conservation in India Tropical marine ecosystems of the Indian subcontinent harbour a large number of species belonging to various habitats that include mangrove swamps, estuaries, lagoons, muddy, sandy/rocky shores, and oceanic islands. In India, although the marine biological research has been going on for a long time, there are several groups of living, or endangered (some extinct) organisms, about which there is no proper scientific information available. There are various ecosystems and species that are threatened as a result of several developmental activities like over-exploitation, pollution, reclamation, etc. These include coral reefs, mangroves, marine algae and seagrasses, conventional fishery resources, the rare groups of faunal elements and various microorganisms responsible for different activities. On the advent of the industrial revolution, the coastal regions have threatened by industrial pollution, and by habitat destruction because of dredging sand mining, reclamation and rapid urbanization. Only a fraction of these species affected are known to science. The IUCN has categorized this biota into extinct, endangered, vulnerable, rare indeterminate, out of danger and insufficiently known. It would be premature to decide the specific priorities based on the scattered and inadequate data available. Though data on marine species and ecosystems is still sparse, on the basis of available data it is possible to identify the undisturbed areas along the coast where biodiversity is rich. There are, fortunately, already some Biosphere Reserves, Sanctuaries, National Parks declared along the Indian coast. Similarly, detailed inventories can be prepared separately for he marine flora and the fauna in order to identify priority areas for conservation. Source: Untawale, A.G.; Dhargalkar, V.K.; Deshmukhe, G.V. Setting biodiversity conservation priorities for India: Summary of the findings and conclusions of the biodiversity conservation prioritisation project. Singh, S. ; Sastry, A.R.K.; Mehta, R.; Uppal, V. eds. 1; 2000; 104-131. 1607. | ||
| 24 | Ecology and biodiversity of Indian mangroves. The mangroves and the mangrove associates of the Indian Sunderbans were described in relation to their morphometric features, anatomical characteristics and also with their distinct halophytic adaptations. Besides their structural and habitat distinctness, their economic importance, distribution in the different mangrove habitats of the Indian sub-continent and the mangals of both old and new world tropics and sub-tropics were also highlighted based on the pioneer works on the Indian and world mangroves Source: Naskar, K.; Mandal, R. 1999; 754; pp. 1626. | ||
| 25 | Ecology and biodiversity of Indian mangroves. The mangroves and the mangrove associates of the Indian Sunderbans were described in relation to their morphometric features, anatomical characteristics and also with their distinct halophytic adaptations. Besides their structural and habitat distinctness, their economic importance, distribution in the different mangrove habitats of the Indian sub-continent and the mangals of both old and new world tropics and sub-tropics were also highlighted based on the pioneer works on the Indian and world mangroves Source: Naskar, K.; Mandal, R. 1999; 754; pp. 1629.
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