| 1 | Mangals of Mahanadi delta, Cuttack district, Orissa state, India The mangals of the Mahanadi delta have been divided into two main formations namely, estuarine and fringe mangals based on the influence of tide, salinity, soil conditions and species composition. In the fringe three mangal stands, small scale variations in salinity, tide level and soil conditions bring about the different structural composition and adaptation of species which have been utilized in classifying the stands into distinct subtypes. The total number of mangrove species in this delta have been compared with those of the other Indian deltas. The occurrence of some species as new for Indian Mangals, and optimum habitat conditions for luxuriant growth of these useful species are interesting features of this delta. A modified regional classification and possible successional pattern have been built up with a view to providing information for future management practices Source: Banerjee, L.K.; Rao, T.A. Marine Plants: All India Symposium on Marine Plants, their Biology, Chemistry and Utilization, Dona Paula, Goa, October 30 - November 1, 1983. Krishnamurthy, V. ; Untawale, A.G. Eds. 1985; 137-152. 0257. | ||
| 2 | Mangroves in India: Identification manual A brief general introduction on the floristics of the different mangroves in India; identification keys to the families, genera and species; species-wise data-sheets with recent botanical names, its family, local names, short botanical descriptions, notes on ecology, distribution and economic uses, etc. have been provided Source: Banerjee, L.K.; Sastry, A.R.K.; Nayar, M.P. 1989; 113; pp. 0495. | ||
| 3 | Influence of salinity of mangrove zonation Littoral region (about 7000 sq km) of Indian subcontinent which is mostly interrupted by the formation of deltas, estuaries and backwaters flows in tropical humid climate is covered with mangrove vegetation extending from the mouth of estuaries up to the influence of saline tide water flow to the inner riverine system. Considerable changes are recognized in the sequence of plant zonation and influence of interacting salinity conditions from the mouth of estuaries towards the inner riverine system. Under this pattern the efficiency with which each mangrove species tolerates salinity conditions largely determines its intertidal position and nature of morphological adaptation. Estuarine regions with great ecological stress are influenced by open-coast environment with the same salinity conditions as that of the sea and some characteristic species of Avicennia, Sonneratia, Lumnitzera and Aegialitis with their adaptive mechanism for withstanding the high salinity conditions form a restricted zone on this open-coast environments. On the contrary, inner riverine landscape associated with several creeks, channels and islets develops a gradation of salinity conditions due to increased fresh water flow. This region harbours many interesting mangrove species and the species of Rhizophora, Bruguiera, Ceriops, Kandelia, Aegiceras, Exoecaria, Xylocarpus, Heritiera, Aglaia and others with different adaptive mechanisms for tolerating salinity conditions form a distinct zone on this sheltered part of the riverine system. Depending on the influence of small scale variation of salinity conditions and different morphological adaptative characters of species, the inner riverine plant zonation have been classified into three distinct subtypes as `True mangrove zone'; semi mangrove zone' and `Transitional mangrove zone'. In arid climate as salinity increase landward this zonation is restricted to a narrow band on the coast line Source: Banerjee, L.K. International Conference on High Salinity - Tolerant plants in Arid Regions. 1990; p.5. 0596. | ||
| 4 | Salinity and mangrove association Wet coastal ecosystem of the Indian subcontinent under tropical humid climate is covered with mangrove vegetation extending from estuaries up to the influence of saline tide water flow to the inner riverine system. Considerable changes are recognised in the sequence of plant association with the influence of changing salinity conditions from the estuarine mouth towards the inner riverine areas. Increased salinity causes increased osmotic potential of the interstitial soil water which makes the root system difficult for uptaking water. Under these conditions, plants have to develop some adaptive mechanism for exclusion, storage of excretion of excess salt with the expenditure of increased energy. The efficiency with which each species of the mangrove association tolerates the salinity largely determines its position in the intertidal zone. Mangrove association is best developed in the intermixture of fresh and salt water conditions as because the absence of fresh water or high salinity condition may exceed the physiological tolerance of mangrove species. The estuarine regions with the same salinity conditions as that of the sea are characterised with restricted association of Avicennia, some Bruguiera, Sonneratia, Aegialitis and Lumnitzera species with their adaptive mechanism for withstanding the high salinity conditions. On the contrary, inner riverine areas with several creeks; and channels develop a gradation of salinity conditions due to the influence of increased freshwater flow. These regions harbour many species diversity associated with Rhizophora, Bruguiera, Ceriops, Kandelia, Aegiceras, Excoecaria, Xylocarpus, Heritiera, Aglaia, Nype, Cerbera, Cynometra and other species. This inner mangrove association can be divided into three distinct types, depending on the small scale variation of salinity Source: Banerjee, L.K. National Seminar on Conservation & Management of Mangrove Ecosystem with Special Reference to Sunderbans, December 6-8, 1991. 1991; p.28. 0718. | ||
| 5 | Mangal formations of the Mahanadi Delta: Exploitation and management Mangrove ecosystem in the Mahanadi Delta (20 degrees 15' to 20 degrees 70' N and 87 degrees to 87 degrees 40'E) spread over the southern part of the two districts, Cuttack and Balasore, constitute most significantly second largest mangal formation in India supporting over 60 mangrove species, a number of economically useful mangroves and a pure formation of elegant palm over a stretch of 20 km on its shore line. This highly productive ecosystem is the ideal base for pisciculture, crocodile farming, feeding ground for birds and valuable forest based industries. Besides natural calamities, human exploitation, especially forest operation, land reclamation, resettlements, diversion of fresh water, rapid deforestation and developmental activities are impoverishing this unique ecosystem. Therefore some effective management plans such as sustainable use management for forestry, for coastal fisheries, aquaculture problems, use of slack waters, creation of buffer zone, plantation of choiceable tree species and people's awareness programme have been suggested in this paper Source: Banerjee, L.K. Tropical ecosystems: Ecology and management. Singh, K.P. ; Singh, J.S. eds. 1992; 289-294. 0758. | ||
| 6 | Influence of salinity on mangrove zonation The litterol region (about 7000 km2) of the Indian subcontinent, which is mostly interrupted by the formation of deltas, estuaries and backwaters flows having a tropical humid climate, is covered with mangrove vegetation extending from the mouth of estuaries up to the influence of saline tide water flow of the inner riverine system. Considerable changes are recognized in the sequence of plant zonation and the influence of interacting salinity conditions from the mouth of estuaries towards the inner riverine system. Under this pattern the efficiency with which each mangrove species tolerates salinity conditions largely determines its intertidal position and nature of morphological adaptation. Estuarine regions with great ecological stress are influenced by the open-coastal environment having the same salinity conditions as that of the sea and some characteristic species of Avicennia, Sonneratia, Lumnitzera and Aegialitis with their adaptive mechanism for withstanding the high salinity conditions from a restricted zone on this open-coast environment. By contrast, the inner riverine landscape associated with several creeks, channels and inlets develops a gradation of salinity conditions due to increased fresh water flow. This region harbours many interesting mangrove species, and the species of Rhizophora, Bruguiera, Ceriops, Kandelia, Aegiceras, Excoecaria, Xylocarpus, Heritiera, Aglaia and others, having different adaptive mechanisms for tolerating salinity conditions, form a distinct zone on this sheltered part of the riverine system. Depending on the influence of small-scale variations of salinity conditions and different morphological adaptive characters of species, the inner riverine plant zonation has been classified into three distinct subtypes as `True mangrove zone', `Semi-mangrove zone', and `Transitional mangrove zone'. In an arid climate, as salinity increases landwards, this zonation is restricted to a narrow band on the coast line Source: Banerjee, L.K. Vol. 1: Deliberation about High salinity Tolerant Plants and Ecosystems. Lieth, H. ; Al Masoom, A. Eds. Tasks Veg. Sci. 27. 1993; 181-186. 0812. | ||
| 7 | Mangroves of bay islands The mangroves of Bay Islands at Andaman & Nicobar were studied. The total area covered by mangroves was 77769 ha. There are 60 exclusive species of mangroves distributed there. The mangrove vegetation in this area is mostly fringing along the creeks, backwaters and muddy as well as flat rocky shores. Rhizophora apiculata, R. mucronata, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Heritiera littoralis, Nypa fruticans, Sonneratia caseolaris and Excoecaria agallocha are the most prominent mangroves, throughout the islands. In the Andaman groups of islands, R. apiculata and R. mucronata are the most dominant species towards the sea. Three conspicuous zones are noticed: proximal zone facing the sea, middle zone and distal zone. The mangroves and adjacent water-bodies may be considered very productive when compared to the offshore waters of the Bay of Bengal. The average production in this mangrove ecosystem is estimated to 0.16 g C/m2/day Source: Bandyopadhyay, A.K. Conservation of mangrove forest genetic resources: A training manual. Deshmukh, S.V. ; Balaji, V. eds. 1994; 135-144. 0840. | ||
| 8 | Mangrove ecology of the Indian Sundarbans: Its impact on the rural economy and coastal environment The mangroves and mangrove ecology of the Sundarbans are very interesting in relation to their floral and faunal diversity, ecological adaptabilities, unique halophytic phyto-succession, coastal zone stabilization and enrichment of both the soil and water fertility. Since the later half of the 18th Century, the presence of these important natural resources have attracted the rural population to migrate and settle on this deltaic land mass after clearing the mangrove forests. The Sundarbans is the only world renowned marshy tiger land and unique habitat of the Royal Bengal Tigers (@iPanthera tigris tigris@@), where they have found safety and fine abode; besides these, estuarine lusty crocodiles (@iCrocodilus porosus@@), several poisonous snakes (@iNaja naja, Vipera russelli, Bungarus fasciatus, Ophiophagus hannata, Trimeresurus erythurus@@ etc.) are the common dwellers of the dense mangrove forests and estuarine water. These mangrove habitat biota actually protect these world renowned unique Sundarbans mangals from the rapid and indiscriminate exploitation. Besides the threat from these dangerous wild animals, about 32 lakh coastal rural population of the Sundarbans has to face the natural calamities and surges or cyclonic thrust from the Bay of Bengal, as well. But they are at times saved from these calamities due to the dense coverage of these mangrove forests of the Sundarbans. The vast quantity of the most economically important natural resources tempt the rural population to enter again and again, these dangerous mangrove forest lands taking risk of their lives. The common belief of the rural population of the Sundarbans is that if they can worship and please the local Gods and Goddesses ------ no harm will come to them Source: Naskar, K.R.; Ghosh, D.; Sen, N.; Mandal, R.N.; Sarkar, A.K. J. Interacad.. 1(1); 1997; 49-60. 1011. | ||
| 9 | Characterization of some Andaman mangrove soils in relation to regeneration and rehabilitation Andaman (India) mangrove soil samples were analysed for pH, organic carbon, available nitrogen, available phosphorus, potassium and for exchangeable cations. The studies were carried out in relation to rehabilitation and regeneration. It was found that the changes in soil properties are due to degradation and destruction of mangroves oxidation due to mangrove disturbance increases salinity, decreases pH, increases iron and aluminium toxicity, which deprives soil of its potential productivity. Such disturbed soil conditions pose threat for regeneration and rehabilitation Source: Prasad, G.K.; Krishnamurthy, R.; Singh, S.K.; Das, P.K.; Nath, S. J. Indian Soc. Soil Sci.. 46(3); 1998; 494-496. 1013. | ||
| 10 | Species diversity and distribution of mangroves in India India, with its 6,740 sq. kms. littoral area along the deltas, estuaries, backwaters and lagoons, represent the third largest formation of the world, supporting more than 116 angiosperms, ferns, algae and fungi. Mangrove plant communities are restricted up to the limit of saline tide water flow from the mouth of different rivers, they are found well-developed along the East Coast, Andaman and Nicobar Islands and west coast of India. Mangrove formations are well-known for their highest biological productivity and natural protection and conservation of the coastal erosion and inland properties. Species composition and distribution of mangroves in India have been briefly discussed in this paper to provide better knowledge Source: Banerjee, L.K.; Gosh, D. An anthology of Indian mangroves (A commemorative volume on the Golden Jubilee of India's independence). 1998; 20-24. 1031. | ||
| 11 | Present needs to the silvicultural practices in the tidal mangrove forests of the Sundarbans in West Bengal, India Due to heavy influx of human population, the northwestern portion of the Sundarbans delta is completely reclaimed for agriculture, aquaculture and inhabitation; even now human population is encroaching south-wards to engulf the present reserve forests, where natural regeneration is not too rapid to combat that acute problem. In spite of the sign of natural regeneration in some limited areas, the present day silviculturists have started thinking of maintaining and conserving the existing forest situations by planning some non-mangroves along this tract of the mangrove delta of the Sundarbans. In that area only a few economically important non mangrove species can successfully be introduced, as the mangrove ecosystem has certain ecological successional stages and represent the edaphic climax. In fact plenty of non-mangrove species in this mangrove reclaimed area will not fulfil the needs of the existing ecoclimatic factors of the mangrove ecosystem. Several of the non mangrove species can survive in those areas where no frequent tidal action has existed so far, but the introduced or artificial vegetation cannot give rise to any new vegetation by natural regeneration. Moreover by the artificial changes of ecological condition, the other beneficial activities from these natural resources may disappear, which is not congenial for that unique ecosystem. The mangrove ecological succession follow some definite and distinct course, i.e., from the seaward fringe forests to land forms, and on the other hand from the saline brackishwater environment to non-saline freshwater and mesophytic environments. These ecological features of the mangrove ecosystems are discussed here along with the botanical features of the mangrove flora of the Sundarbans tidal delta forests. Their importance in that mangrove ecosystem and the most effective silvicultural features are discussed in brief Source: Bakshi, D.N.G.; Naskar, K.R. Vol. 4. Recent Researches in Ecology, Environment and Pollution. Ray, M. ; Mandal, S. Eds. [nd]; 105-118. 1096. | ||
| 12 | Bhitarkanika: Myth and reality.This part deals with mangroves and seaweeds The world famous wildlife sanctuary Bhitarkanika, Kendrapara, Orissa, India was studied. The mangrove ecosystem, its importance; floral diversity including morphological and anatomical adaptations in mangrove plants, physiological adaptations, silvicultural features; faunal diversity and some special features of Bhitarkanika has been described. Besides this special conservation efforts like salt water crocodile conservation and management project and sea-turtle conservation and management project, legal provisions and some management issues and possible solutions has been suggested Source: Chadha, S.; Kar, C.S. 1999; 388; pp. 1192. | ||
| 13 | Check-list of mangroves and mangrove associated species in the Indian Sundarbans The Indian Sundarbans is bestowed with the highest floral diversity in the form of mangroves, coastal wetland flora, beach flora and marsh and swamp flora. Previous studies on floristic surveys in the Indian Sundarbans have little or very superficial information about the floristic of the Sundarbans Tiger Reserve. In the present treatise the floristic distribution in the Indian Sundarbans is covered. For the sake of convenience, the Indian Sundarban has been divided into two parts as (1) Area within the Sundarban Tiger Reserve (STR) and (2) Area outside the Sundarban Tiger Reserve. These are further divided into Northern, Central and Southern zones. There are six zones, three in the STR and three outside the STR. On critical survey 105 plants species were identified from the whole of Sundarbans belonging to different groups, viz. (1) true mangroves species; (2) mangrove associated species; (3) back mangrove species; (4) beach flora and (5) parasites, epiphytes and mistletoes. Source: Ghosh, A.; Mukherjee, S.; Sen, N.; Dasgupta, M.; Naskar, K.R. Seshaiyana. 10(2); 2002; 3-5. 1297. | ||
| 14 | Flowering plants and fern in mangrove ecosystems of India: An identification manual Mangroves are unique ecosystems occurring along the coastal and muddy inter-tidal regions of the tropical and subtropical regions of the world. They support genetically diverse group of aquatic and terrestrial organisms. Mangrove have great ecological and economic significance and their manifold uses include coastal protection, nutrient enrichment and fishery production. In India, the mangrove forests exist along both the east and west coasts and are well explored in terms of fisheries and other aspects by various institutions. However mangrove forests are under threat due to various natural and man made causes. In this backdrop it is essential to know the species ocuring along our coast and their status for conservation. Realizing the importance of species identification of mangrove plants, the ENVIS center published a checklist for Indian mangroves during 1999 with key for identification. The checklist is now updated with colour plates and more number of species along with their uses. This manual provides information on diagnostic characters for 85 species of flowering plants and fern coming under 53 genera and 34 families. Source: Rajendran, N.; Sanjeevi, S.B. 2004; 110; pp. 1356. | ||
| 15 | Flowering plants and fern in mangrove ecosystems of India: An identification manual Mangroves are unique ecosystems occurring along the coastal and muddy inter-tidal regions of the tropical and subtropical regions of the world. They support genetically diverse group of aquatic and terrestrial organisms. Mangrove have great ecological and economic significance and their manifold uses include coastal protection, nutrient enrichment and fishery production. In India, the mangrove forests exist along both the east and west coasts and are well explored in terms of fisheries and other aspects by various institutions. However mangrove forests are under threat due to various natural and man made causes. In this backdrop it is essential to know the species ocuring along our coast and their status for conservation. Realizing the importance of species identification of mangrove plants, the ENVIS center published a checklist for Indian mangroves during 1999 with key for identification. The checklist is now updated with colour plates and more number of species along with their uses. This manual provides information on diagnostic characters for 85 species of flowering plants and fern coming under 53 genera and 34 families. Source: Rajendran, N.; Sanjeevi, S.B. 2004; 110; pp. 1366. | ||
| 16 | Flowering plants and fern in mangrove ecosystems of India: An identification manual Mangroves are unique ecosystems occurring along the coastal and muddy inter-tidal regions of the tropical and subtropical regions of the world. They support genetically diverse group of aquatic and terrestrial organisms. Mangrove have great ecological and economic significance and their manifold uses include coastal protection, nutrient enrichment and fishery production. In India, the mangrove forests exist along both the east and west coasts and are well explored in terms of fisheries and other aspects by various institutions. However mangrove forests are under threat due to various natural and man made causes. In this backdrop it is essential to know the species ocuring along our coast and their status for conservation. Realizing the importance of species identification of mangrove plants, the ENVIS center published a checklist for Indian mangroves during 1999 with key for identification. The checklist is now updated with colour plates and more number of species along with their uses. This manual provides information on diagnostic characters for 85 species of flowering plants and fern coming under 53 genera and 34 families. Source: Rajendran, N.; Sanjeevi, S.B. 2004; 110; pp. 1368. | ||
| 17 | Comparative study on mangroves of the Sunderbans and that of the Mahanadi delta in eastern India A comparative study of mangroves of Sunderbans and that of Mahanadi delta, India has been described. The extend of tidal flats of both the deltas were divided into three distinct regions, such as estuarine tidal flats, middle estuarine tidal flats and inner riverine tidal flats. Vegetation of these deltas have been observed in a zonal pattern, distributed in graded sequences from the river mouth towards the inner riverine flats. The variety of plant habitats within these tidal flats are found to be affected by the nature of erosion and depositional processes, frequency of tidal inundation, sediment types and salinity conditions. Similar species and plant communities are found in the estuarine banks along the river mouth of both the deltas. The dominant species are Avicennia marina, Aegialities rotundifolia, Bruguiera cylindrica, Sonneratia griffithii, Ceriops tagal, Avicennia alba and Lumnitzera racemosa Source: Banerjee, L.K. The Mangroves: Proceedings of National Symposium on Biology, Utilization and Conservation of Mangroves, Nov. 18-20, 1985. Bhosale, L.J. ed. 1986; 527-530. 1412. | ||
| 18 | Mangroves in India: Identification manual A brief general introduction on the floristics of the different mangroves in India; identification keys to the families, genera and species; species-wise data-sheets with recent botanical names, its family, local names, short botanical descriptions, notes on ecology, distribution and economic uses, etc. have been provided Source: Banerjee, L.K.; Sastry, A.R.K.; Nayar, M.P. 1989; 113; pp. 1418. | ||
| 19 | Mangroves in India: Identification manual A brief general introduction on the floristics of the different mangroves in India; identification keys to the families, genera and species; species-wise data-sheets with recent botanical names, its family, local names, short botanical descriptions, notes on ecology, distribution and economic uses, etc. have been provided Source: Banerjee, L.K.; Sastry, A.R.K.; Nayar, M.P. 1989; 113; pp. 1421. | ||
| 20 | Ecology and biodiversity of Indian mangroves. The mangroves and the mangrove associates of the Indian Sunderbans were described in relation to their morphometric features, anatomical characteristics and also with their distinct halophytic adaptations. Besides their structural and habitat distinctness, their economic importance, distribution in the different mangrove habitats of the Indian sub-continent and the mangals of both old and new world tropics and sub-tropics were also highlighted based on the pioneer works on the Indian and world mangroves Source: Naskar, K.; Mandal, R. 1999; 754; pp. 1617. | ||
| 21 | Ecology and biodiversity of Indian mangroves. The mangroves and the mangrove associates of the Indian Sunderbans were described in relation to their morphometric features, anatomical characteristics and also with their distinct halophytic adaptations. Besides their structural and habitat distinctness, their economic importance, distribution in the different mangrove habitats of the Indian sub-continent and the mangals of both old and new world tropics and sub-tropics were also highlighted based on the pioneer works on the Indian and world mangroves Source: Naskar, K.; Mandal, R. 1999; 754; pp. 1618. | ||
| 22 | Ecology and biodiversity of Indian mangroves. The mangroves and the mangrove associates of the Indian Sunderbans were described in relation to their morphometric features, anatomical characteristics and also with their distinct halophytic adaptations. Besides their structural and habitat distinctness, their economic importance, distribution in the different mangrove habitats of the Indian sub-continent and the mangals of both old and new world tropics and sub-tropics were also highlighted based on the pioneer works on the Indian and world mangroves Source: Naskar, K.; Mandal, R. 1999; 754; pp. 1626. | ||
| 23 | Ecology and biodiversity of Indian mangroves. The mangroves and the mangrove associates of the Indian Sunderbans were described in relation to their morphometric features, anatomical characteristics and also with their distinct halophytic adaptations. Besides their structural and habitat distinctness, their economic importance, distribution in the different mangrove habitats of the Indian sub-continent and the mangals of both old and new world tropics and sub-tropics were also highlighted based on the pioneer works on the Indian and world mangroves Source: Naskar, K.; Mandal, R. 1999; 754; pp. 1629.
|