| 1 | Marine fungi from Indian mangroves The rare and new marine fungi found in the Indian mangroves during the marine mycological survey of Maharashtra coast, India have been described. The samples of intertidal parts of Avicennia alba Blume, Rhizophora mucronata Lamk., Sonneratia acida L.F., etc. and salt marsh plant Salicornia brachiata Roxb. were collected at low tide from various localities along the coast of Maharashtra. After identification, the fungi which are found to be associated with the above mangrove species. They have been described Source: Patil, S.D.; Borse, B.D. The Mangroves: Proceedings of National Symposium on Biology, Utilization and Conservation of Mangroves, Nov. 18-20, 1985. Bhosale, L.J. ed. 1986; 151-152. 0295. | ||
| 2 | Frequency of occurrence of marine fungi from Maharashtra Coast, India Higher marine fungi on wood from intertidal beaches and mangroves in Maharashtra coast are reported along with the frequency of occurrence of the species (41 Ascomycetes, 2 Basidiomycetes, 12 Deuteromycetes). Halosphaeria quadricornuta Cribb and Cribb is most dominant species from beach habitats, whereas Massarina velataspora Hyde and Borse is dominant in the mangrove habitats Source: Borse, B.D. Indian J. Mar. Sci.. 17(2); 1988; 165-167. 0484. | ||
| 3 | Manglicolous fungi from atolls of Maldives, Indian Ocean Thirty nine species represented by 29 species of Ascomycetes, 2 of Basidiomycetes and 8 of Deuteromycetes were collected from partially submerged, dead and decayed parts of 5 mangrove species. The dominant species were Dactylospora haliotrepha, Lineolata rhizophorae, Lophiostoma mangrovei, Massarina thalassiae and Verruculina enalia. The maximum number of fungal species were recorded on Rhizophora mucronata Source: Chinnaraj, S. Indian J. Mar. Sci.. 22(2); 1993; 141-142. 0790. | ||
| 4 | Laccase and other lignocellulose modifying enzymes of marine fungi isolated from the coast of India Several genera of marine fungi isolated from the coast of India from decaying mangroves and seagrass were tested for the presence of laccase, one of the major lignin modifying enzymes present in many genera of wood-rotting fungi. Varying levels of laccase activity were present in most of the fungi included in this study. The laccase plate assay was found to be much less reliable than the spectrophotometric laccase using the extracellular culture fluid of the fungal cultures grown in liquid media. Several factors including type of growth medium, growth medium pH, and assay pH had marked effects on laccase activity. A few strains produced high levels of laccase in both malt extract (ME) medium and low N medium; however, a majority of the strains produced laccase in low N medium (pH 4.5) but not in the ME medium. When grown in low N medium at pH 4.5, twelve of the strains showed acidic laccase (pH 4.5) activity; of these, seven also showed alkaline laccase (pH 8.2) activity. One of the strains exhibited laccase activity only when grown in the low N medium at pH 8.2. Lignin peroxidase (LIP) was not present in any of the strains tested, but three of the strains showed manganese-dependent peroxidase (MNP) activity. Xylanase and cellulase activities were observed in a majority of the fungi studied. The results indicate that laccase is widely distributed in fungi found on decaying lignocellulosic materials in the marine environment and that a number of these fungi also contain other lignocellulose modifying enzymes, except LIPs and MNPs which appear to be relatively less common in these marine fungi Source: Raghukumar, C.; Raghukumar, S.; Chinnaraj, A.; Chandramohan, D.; DeSouza, T.M.; Reddy, C.A. Bot. Mar.. 37(6); 1994; 515-523. 0878. | ||
| 5 | Marine flora of Andaman and Nicobar group of Islands, Andaman Seas, India Marine microphytes form an important constituent of island ecosystem. Therefore the present study is an account of mangroves, seaweeds and seagrasses from Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Mangroves in Andaman are represented by 27 spp but Rhizophora mucronata Lamk and R. stylosa Griff forms the dominant vegetation. While anly 10 spp are recorded in Nicobar. Maximum of seven species of seagrasses were recorded from Katchal and Nancowry in Nicobar however only four species were recorded from Andaman. A total of 105 species of sea weeds have been recorded in Andaman and Nicobar islands Source: Jagtap, T.G. Andaman and Nicobar Islands: Challenges of developments. Suryanarayan, V. ; Sudarsen, V. eds. 1994; 133-143. 0880. | ||
| 6 | Taxonomy, ecology and distribution of mangrove fungi Taxonomy, ecology and the distribution of mangrove fungi from India is given. Mangrove ecosystems are store houses of various fauna depending on the products of microbial degradation of mangrove litter. Marine fungi play a role in nutrient regeneration cycles as decomposers of decaying organic matter. Marine fungi occur on proproots, pneumatophores, branches, seedlings and drift wood in the intertidal region of mangrove stands, but are absent on substrates embedded in the mud. The mangrove fungi mostly belong to Ascomycotina and a few to Deuteromycotina and Basidiomycotina. Species of Aigialus, Bathyascus, Halosarpheia, Halosphaeria, Leptosphaeria, Lulworthia, Massarina, Trematosphaeria, Antennospora quadricornuta, Dactylospora haliotrepha, Verruculina enalia, Hydronectria tethys, Lophiostoma mangrovei, Torpedospora radiata and Rosellinia sp. are some of the common members of Ascomycotina. The most common among Denteromycotina are Cirrenalia spp., Clavariopsis bulbosa, Periconia prolifica, Zalerion spp., Humicola alopallonella and Monodictys pelagica. The two basidiomycetes which are commonly found on mangrove are Halocyphina villosa and Nia vibrissa fungi on mangroves seem to exhibit vertical zonation Source: Vittal, B.P.R. National Workshop on State-of-the-Art Techniques for Studying Marine and Freshwater Fungi. Laboratory manual and abstracts of lectures. 1994; 73-76. 0897. | ||
| 7 | Fungal diversity on decomposing biomass of mangrove plant Rhizophora in Pichavaram Estuary, east coast of India Mycological examination of dead wood, prop roots and seedling of Rhizophora spp. (R. apiculata and R. mucronata) yielded 48 fungal species belonging to 36 genera with Ascomycotina being most prevalent. The number of fungi recorded on prop roots (44) were much greater when compared with seedling (18) and wood (16). Each substrate had its own common, frequent and occasional fungi appearing on them. The most common and abundant fungus on wood was Lophiostoma mangrovei. Verruculina enalia was most common on prop roots and seedlings. Some of the fungi were found to occur on all the three substrates, but their frequency and percentage occurrence on individual substrates varied. Halocyphina villosa, the lone Basidiomycete recorded was more abundant on seedlings, while Monodictys pelagica showed relatively high occurrence on wood and the least on seedlings Source: Ravikumar, D.R.; Vittal, B.P.R. Indian J. Mar. Sci.. 25(2); 1996; 142-144. 0956. | ||
| 8 | Marine fungi from Maharashtra (India) The filamentous higher marine mycoflora of Maharashtra coast is almost identical with that of tropical and subtropical regions. The present paper deals with 55 species (40 Ascomycetes, 2 Basidiomycetes and 13 Deuteromycetes) of filamentous higher marine fungi. Camarosporium palliatum Kohlmeyer and Kohlmeyer, C. roumequerii Saccardo and Dictyosporium pelagicum (Linder) Hughes ex Johnson et Sparrow are being reported for the first time from Indian coast. Most of the fungi are decomposers of mangrove material. Key to the species and illustrations have been furnished to facilitate easy identification Source: Borse, B.D.; Ramesh, C.H.; Shrivastava, A.D. Indian Bot. Res.. 7(1-2); 1988; 18-25. 1308. | ||
| 9 | Diversity of filamentous fungi on decomposing leaf and woody litter of mangrove forests in the southwest coast of India Assemblage and diversity of filamentous fungi on leaf and woody litter accumulated on the floor of two mangrove forests (Nethravathi and Udyavara) in the southwest coast of India have been studied. Leaf and woody litter collected during summer and monsoon seasons incubated in the laboratory (2, 8, 16 and 32 weeks) yielded 78 taxa belonging to 32 ascomycetes and 46 mitosporic fungi. Significant difference (ANOVA) was seen in the frequency of occurrence of fungal taxa in different incubation periods of leaf litter (P = 0.179 x 10<sup>-5</sup> to 0.24 x 10<sup>–5</sup>) and woody litter (P = 0.887 ´ 10<sup>–8</sup> to 0.0326). The number of fungal taxa per leaf litter ranged from 1 to 5, while for woody litter it was 1 to 8. Mean number of fungal taxa per wood ranged between 2.5 and 3.6, which is higher than that in the mangroves of the Indian Ocean and South East Asia. Seven ascomycetes (Aniptodera chesapeakensis, Aniptodera sp., Arenariomyces parvulus, Lulworthia grandispora, Savoryella lignicola, Kallichroma tethys and Verruculina enalia) and seven anamorphic taxa (Arthrinium sp., Aspergillus sp. 1, Cirrenalia pygmea, Cirrenalia tropicalis, Penicillium sp., Periconia prolifica and Trichocladium alopallonellum) belonging to core-group fungi (frequency of occurrence ~. 10%) were identified. Woody litter collected during summer season showed highest fungal diversity than during monsoon. Rarefaction estimates of expected number of fungal taxa out of 150 isolates were higher in woody litter than leaf litter. Sporulation of terrestrial fungi, marine fungi and arenicolous fungi (sand-inhabiting) was successional on leaf and woody litter. Terrestrial fungi sporulated within eight weeks and declined thereafter, sporulating marine fungi were highest during 16 weeks, while are nicolous fungi attained a peak after 32 weeks of incubation. Substrate preference, succession, competition and techniques of study of mangrove filamentous fungi have been discussed. Source: Ananda, K.; YSridhar, K.R. Curr. Sci.. 87(10); 2004; 1431-1437. 1342. | ||
| 10 | Richness and diversity of filamentous fungi on woody litter of mangroves along the west coast of India Randomly sampled decaying mangrove woody litter from ten mangroves along the west coast of India were assessed for the assemblage, species richness and diversity of filamentous fungi. Among 1067 wood samples screened, 94% samples consist of sporulating fungi. A total of 78 species belonging to 45 genera comprising 46 ascomycetes, one basidiomycete and 31 deuteromycetes were recovered. Halocyphina villosa, Lignincola laevis, Lulworthia grandispora, Periconia prolifica, Savoryella paucispora, Verruculina enalia and Zalerion maritimum were very frequent (greater than 10%). Except for H. villosa, the rest of the fungi were common to all the mangrove locations. The mean number of fungi per wood was 2.1 (range, 1.7-2.5), which is similar or higher than those at several mangroves of the Indian Ocean. Simpson and Shannon indices were highest for the mangroves of Honnavar (Karnataka) and Panaji (Goa) (0.971 and 5.087), which coincided with the highest expected number of species (31-32) among 140 random isolations in these mangroves. Fungal assemblage, richness and diversity of the current study have been compared with other mangroves of the Indian coast and the Indian Ocean. Source: Maria, G.L.; Sridhar, K.R. Curr. Sci.. 83(12); 2002; 1573-1580. 1570. | ||
| 11 | Richness and diversity of filamentous fungi on woody litter of mangroves along the west coast of India Randomly sampled decaying mangrove woody litter from ten mangroves along the west coast of India were assessed for the assemblage, species richness and diversity of filamentous fungi. Among 1067 wood samples screened, 94% samples consist of sporulating fungi. A total of 78 species belonging to 45 genera comprising 46 ascomycetes, one basidiomycete and 31 deuteromycetes were recovered. Halocyphina villosa, Lignincola laevis, Lulworthia grandispora, Periconia prolifica, Savoryella paucispora, Verruculina enalia and Zalerion maritimum were very frequent (greater than 10%). Except for H. villosa, the rest of the fungi were common to all the mangrove locations. The mean number of fungi per wood was 2.1 (range, 1.7-2.5), which is similar or higher than those at several mangroves of the Indian Ocean. Simpson and Shannon indices were highest for the mangroves of Honnavar (Karnataka) and Panaji (Goa) (0.971 and 5.087), which coincided with the highest expected number of species (31-32) among 140 random isolations in these mangroves. Fungal assemblage, richness and diversity of the current study have been compared with other mangroves of the Indian coast and the Indian Ocean. Source: Maria, G.L.; Sridhar, K.R. Curr. Sci.. 83(12); 2002; 1573-1580. 1571. | ||
| 12 | Richness and diversity of filamentous fungi on woody litter of mangroves along the west coast of India Randomly sampled decaying mangrove woody litter from ten mangroves along the west coast of India were assessed for the assemblage, species richness and diversity of filamentous fungi. Among 1067 wood samples screened, 94% samples consist of sporulating fungi. A total of 78 species belonging to 45 genera comprising 46 ascomycetes, one basidiomycete and 31 deuteromycetes were recovered. Halocyphina villosa, Lignincola laevis, Lulworthia grandispora, Periconia prolifica, Savoryella paucispora, Verruculina enalia and Zalerion maritimum were very frequent (greater than 10%). Except for H. villosa, the rest of the fungi were common to all the mangrove locations. The mean number of fungi per wood was 2.1 (range, 1.7-2.5), which is similar or higher than those at several mangroves of the Indian Ocean. Simpson and Shannon indices were highest for the mangroves of Honnavar (Karnataka) and Panaji (Goa) (0.971 and 5.087), which coincided with the highest expected number of species (31-32) among 140 random isolations in these mangroves. Fungal assemblage, richness and diversity of the current study have been compared with other mangroves of the Indian coast and the Indian Ocean. Source: Maria, G.L.; Sridhar, K.R. Curr. Sci.. 83(12); 2002; 1573-15801. 1572. | ||
| 13 | Bioremediation of coloured pollutants by terrestrial versus facultative marine fungi Lignin is a most complex heteropolymer and does not contain identical, readily hydrolysable repeating linkages at regular intervals as in other natural polymers such as cellulose, protein or nucleic acids. The random nature of the structure of the lignin requires lignin degradation to function in a non-specific manner. As a result, other compounds with aromatic structure such as many xenobiotic compounds are also highly susceptible to degradation by lignin-degrading enzymes. They are of particular interest from the standpoint of pollutant degradation as these enzymes unlike other peroxidases have a high oxidation-reduction potential and can potentially oxidize xenobiotics that are not attacked by other oxidases. The most efficient lignin-degraders are the white-rot fungi belonging to the group Basidiomycetes. Some of these lignin-degrading white-rot fungi are reported to decolourise coloured effluents from paper and pulp mills, synthetic days in waste waters from textile and dye-making industries and effluent containing molasses spent was from alcohol distilleries. Lignin-degrading enzymes have been shown to be actively involved in these colour-removal processes. In contrast, very little is known about lignin-degrading enzymes in marine fungi although marine fungi are isolated from driftwood, mangrove wood and other lignocellulose-containing substrates. An attempt has been made here to compare the lignin-degrading abilities of obligate and facultative marine fungi and their potential in bioremediation of coloured pollutants. The limitations in transferring bench-level results into practical application using such lignin-degrading fungi are discussed here Source: Raghukumar, C. Fungi in marine environments. Hyde, K.D. ed. Fungal Diversity Res. Ser.. 2002; 317-344. 1576.
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