| 1 | The importance of shore-types in intertidal ecology of Indian marine algae Intensive studies on the ecology of intertidal marine algae of India are very few. No account has been taken of the shore-type in describing the ecological formations and associations. In most cases, zonation patterns have been described, after the systems proposed for temperate regions. this is not valid for tropical waters such as the Indian coast and rethinking is necessary in formulating an acceptable system of zonation. In this connection a consideration of shore-types in India and the environmental factors operating on them becomes important. Four basic types of shore can be distinguished along the Indian coasts, viz., (1) sandy shores, (2) rocky shores, (3) coral formations, and (4) estuarine regions. These can be further classified into (1) silt covered rocky areas, (2) sand covered bedrock extending as a reef into the sea, (3) steep rocky shores, (4) rocky shores with overhanging cliffs, (5) coral reefs, (6) lagoons sheltered by coral reefs, (7) estuarine lagoons, (8) backwaters, and (9) mangrove swamps and salt marshes. The ecological parameters in the different types of shore are considered and their role emphasised in studies on intertidal ecology Source: Krishnamurthy, V.; Subbaramaiah, K. Proc. Indian Natl. Sci. Acad. (B: Biol. Sci.). 38(3-4); 1972; 259-266. 0050. | ||
| 2 | The importance of shore-types in intertidal ecology of Indian Marine Algae Intensive studies on the ecology of intertidal marine algae of India are very few. No account has been taken of the shore-type in describing the ecological formations and associations. In most cases, zonation patterns have been described, after the systems proposed for temperate regions. This is not valid for tropical waters such as the Indian coast and rethinking is necessary in formulating an acceptable system of zonation. In this connection a consideration of shore-types in India and the environmental factors operating on them becomes important. Four basic types of shore can be distinguished along the Indian coasts, viz., (1) sandy shores, (2) rocky shores, (3) coral formations, and (4) estuarine regions. These can be further classified into (i) silt covered rocky areas, (ii) sand covered bedrock extending as a reef into the sea, (iii) steep rocky shores, (iv) rocky shores with overhanging cliffs, (v) coral reefs, (vi) lagoons sheltered by coral reefs, (vii) estuarine lagoons, (viii) backwaters, and (ix) mangrove swamps and salt marshes. The ecological parameters in the different types of shore are considered and their role emphasised in studies on intertidal ecology Source: Krishnamurthy, V.; Subbaramaiah, K. Proceedings of the Symposium on Marine Intertidal Ecology held at the Department of Zoology, Andhra University, Waltair, January 22-24, 1970. INSA Bull.. 47; 1974; 259-266. 0057. | ||
| 3 | Ecological studies in relation to the mangrove environment along the Goa coast, India The ecology of mangroves along the Goa coast, India as compared to other regions along the Indian coast was studied. The physical parameters, structure and composition of mangroves, mangrove ecosystems, distribution of organic matter, effects of petroleum products and pesticides on mangrove seedlings, utilization and management of mangroves of Goa coast were analysed. It revealed that due to constant human pressure such as the indiscriminate cutting of mangroves, reclamation for agriculture and fish farming, overgrazing by domestic cattle have severely degraded the mangroves along the Goa coast. Proper management and better utilization of the mangrove ecosystem along the Goa coast is recommended Source: Jagtap, T.G. 1985; 212; pp. 0245. | ||
| 4 | Studies on the associate flora in the mangrove environment of Goa, India Ecological observations have been made on marine algae and seagrasses from the mangrove environment of Goa, India. Plant samples along with thallus and rhizoides were collected from nine stations; viz. Mandovi (M1-M3), Zuari (Z1-Z3) and Terekhol (T1-T3) in every month. These samples were washed thoroughly and presented in 4% formalin for further identification. A total of 44 species of marine algae belonging to 30 genera have been reported. The distribution of these species was very seasonal. The seagrass species Halophila beccarii was observed to be associated in the mangrove environment of Goa Source: Jagtap, T.G. The Mangroves: Proceedings of National Symposium on Biology, Utilization and Conservation of Mangroves, Nov. 18-20, 1985. Bhosale, L.J. ed. 1986; 180-187. 0300. | ||
| 5 | Mangrove ecology of the Sundarbans delta in West Bengal and its role on the brackishwater fisheries From the tidal Sunderbans about 120 brackishwater Fishes and crustaceans are identified. Seventy halophytic angiosperms are also identified and studied from this Sundarbans tidal forests. These plants and animals association of the mangrove delta provide foods and shelters for euryhaline fishes and crustaceans. For the rapid growth of the mangrove plants, the tidal soil turned fertile by the gradual accumulation of humus matter from the mangrove phytosuccession, Planktonic and benthic forms of both algae and several smaller animalcules are also common in this mangrove environment. The dense growth of petiphytic algae, molluscs and other animalcules on the serial mangrove roots and tree trunks also noted very much productive as providing the food to these economic fishes and crustaceans. Several annelids, insects and other marine forms of crustaceans, crabs and molluscs take shelter permanently in this mangrove forests; while prawns and fishes come in along with the tidal water to graze apparently on the abundant nutrient available in this mangrove ecosystem. For the activity of several soil burrowing organisms the mangrove soil turned porus in nature, which also accelerate the dense growth of the mangrove flors. The soil of the Sundarbans tidal forests is recent in origin and deposited from the alluvium silt particles, carried in by the tidal rivers and creeks. Originally, the mangrove soil is almost devoid of organic carbon and available nitrogen; though sulphur, phosphate and calcium are present appreciably. The silty clay is not at all productive in the initial stages of land formation, but several biological process like the activity of bacteria and algae convert the suitable for the growth of the higher plants. Here, Cyanophyceae appear on the soft hydrophilic and biologically active soil while the Chlorophyceae dominant, on the comparatively more consolidated soil. For this rich food resources and availability of fish and prawn juveniles a large number of brackishwater fisheries have developed in these mangrove delta of the Sundarbans Source: Naskar, K.R. J. Aquat. Organism.. 1(1); 1987; 1-9. 0433. | ||
| 6 | Blue-green algae in saline habitats of West Bengal: A systematic account Sixty seven blue-green algal taxa were collected from various saline habitats of West Bengal. These forms mostly produce algal covering over the saline soil substratum and thus reclaim the soil by adding nitrogen and organic materials. In general, cyanophycean community with species of Oscillatoria, Lyngbya, Phormidium and Microcoleus occurs on bare mud flats and muddy soil between phanerogams. The pneumatophores of mangrove plants are covered with a number of blue green algae viz., species of Calothrix, Anabaena, Lyngbya, Hydrocoleum, Schizothrix along with some red algae viz., Caloglossa, Catenella and Bostrychia. Several epiphytic blue-green algae like Dermocarpa, Xenococcus, Chaemosiphon, Stichosiphon are also recorded. The planktonic blue green forms are dominated by species of Trichodesmium, Synechococcus, Apanothece, Gloeocapsa, Gloeothece, Merismopedia, Oscillatoria, Fohannesbaptistia, Microcystis and Stigonema. These planktonic species presumably contribute very much to primary production of the estuary. In partly reclaimed areas, the water-logged rice fields or brackishwater fish tanks are also colonised by a number of cyanophycean algal forms viz., species of Aulosira, Spirulina, Arthrospira, Gloeotrichia, Calothrix, Nostoc, Anabaens, Oscillatoria, Aphanocapsa, Myxosarcina, Crinalium, Polyclamydum. Lyngbya, Rhaphidiopsis and Microchaete etc., along with some salt tolerant green algae like Enteromorpha and Ulva. These forms provide a significant contribution to the soil fertility and nutrient balance in the wet land eco-system Source: Santra, S.C.; Pal, U.C.; Maity, H.; Bandyopadhyaya, G. Biol. Mem.. 14(1); 1988; 81-108. 0463. | ||
| 7 | Marine algal flora of Goa The coast line of Goa (lat 14 degrees, a'-15 degrees, 52'N and long 73 degrees 38' - 74 degrees 24'E) with the length of 120 kms has been surveyed extensively for marine algae. Altogether 77 species of algae are collected from various places of Goa. A groupwise representation is as follows. Cyanophyceae -23, Phaeophyceae -22, Chlorophyceae -23 and Rhodophyceae 29. Habitats like intertidal, estuarine and subtidal regions are of algal interest. Intertidal region has been surveyed thoroughly. Porphyra, Gracilaria, Gelidium, Ulva, Sargassum are the economically important algae occur along this coast. Various seaweeds are analysed for their biochemical contents & bioactive substances Calcified algae (Articulated corallines and Padina) are studied for taxonomy, distribution, mineral content surface morphology, Phenology and biological associations. But crustose corallines are remained untouched. Dilophus sp. & Coeloseira indica and the estimate for the standing crop of algae is very less (27,00 tonnes yr-1). Mangrove environment of Goa supports a few algae with low standing crop and the dominant species are Enteromorpha, Caloglossa, Gracilaria verrucosa, Bostrychia etc. Available data on subtidal region is very scanty and is restricted to the depth 3-6m. Species of Padina, Stoechospermum, Sargassum and Amphiroa are common in this region. Overall, marine algal flora of Goa is `tropical'type and shows continuity with the West Coast of India and also with the submerged banks. Algal representation is very poor both qualitatively and quantitatively Source: Ambiye, V. Biodiversity of Goa. 1992; p.3. 0779. | ||
| 8 | Algae associated with mangroves The algae associated with mangroves is described. Substrate plays very important role in algal establishment in intertidal and subtidal areas. Algae colonising the mud surface are seasonal because of the unstable conditions caused by the erosion and accretion. Mud surface harbours unicellular algae. Multicellular algae was dominated by blue-green form on the mud surface. The benthic algae of the mud surface are represented by the green filamentous Enteromorpha clathrate, Rhizoclonium sp. and thalloid Monostroma sp. etc. These algae were found to be growing in extreme conditions in the salinity range from 30-40 ppt, temperature and nutrients and high light intensity. Sometimes due to the strong cyclonic winds, algae growing in the nearby rocky area are uprooted and enter the mangrove area. The epiphytic algal flora on mangrove trunks, pneumatophores, stilt roots, upper branches and canopies are comparatively poor. With regard to biotic factors there are a number of animals grazing on mangrove associated algal species. Mangrove habitat as a whole is unfavourable for the growth of algal species because of the lack of stable substrate, high turbidity and physiological stress Source: Dhargalkar, V.K. Conservation of mangrove forest genetic resources: A training manual. Deshmukh, S.V. ; Balaji, V. eds. 1994; 279-282. 0848. | ||
| 9 | Macroalgae of the Sarada and Varaha estuarine complex The occurrance and distribution of mangrove population and the associated macroalgae at Sarada and Varaha estuaries, Andhra Pradesh, India are reported. Avicennia officinalis, A. marina and Aegiceras corniculatum were found to be abundant and halophytes like Suaeda maritima, S. monoica and Salicornia brachiata were predominantly present along the transitional zones and near the salt pans of the estuarine complex. The associated algal flora are Bostrychia tenella, Caloglossa leprieurii, Catenella impudica and Enteromorpha sp Source: Rao, G.M.N.; Venkanna, P. Indian J. Forest.. 19(2); 1996; 203-204. 0950. | ||
| 10 | A preliminary survey of algae of estuaries and coastal areas in Orissa The distribution and mode of occurrence of algae of estuaries and coastal areas of Orissa state were studied. Sixteen genera and 22 species were listed collecting from Bhitarkanika mangroves, Paradeep port area, estuaries of Subarnarekha, Debi, Kusabhadra, Rushikulya and the backwaters of Konark and Gopalpur coast. The common species were Enteromorpha compressa, E. intestinalis, Ulva fasciata, Chaetomorpha aerea and C. antennina, Rhizoclonium kerneri occurred commonly attached to pneumatophores in the mangroves, Cladophora uncinella in the littoral sandy beds of all the estuaries and Gracilaria verrucasa in restricted patches in the estuaries of Mahanadi and its distributaries. Cyanobacterial species belonging to Aphanocapsa, Chroococcus, Hydrococcus, Dermocarpa, Microcoleus, Lyngbya, Oscillatoria and Calothrix were also recorded from the coastal mud flats. Source: Adhikary, S.P. Seaweed Res. Util.. 22(1-2); 2000; 1-5. 1130. | ||
| 11 | Floristic composition of the deltaic regions of India Various abiotic and biotic factors as well as the coastal geomorphology, influence formation of deltaic environment. The cover of salt tolerant flora is of significance in the stabilization of the delta. The root system of pioneer species, hold the sediments and enhances the accretion. The stabilized deltaic regions are further strengthened by climax species of mangroves. The composition and distribution pattern, are normally governed by the salinity gradient. The natural developments ultimately result in the formation of dominant and highly productive mangrove ecosystem in the deltaic regions. Along the Indian Coast, major deltas in Ganges, Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna, and Cauvery, are situated along the east coast, and the mangrove forests account for about 80% of the total, while they are only 20% on the west coast. The total mangrove cover in deltaic swamps has been estimated to be approximately 2,56,000 h. The flora of the deltaic regions is comprised of 47 species of mangroves and 37 species of associate angiosperms Source: Untawale, A.G.; Jagtap, T.G. Quaternary Deltas of India. Vaidyanadhan, R. ed. Mem. Geol. Soc. India No. 22. 1991; 243-263. 1466. | ||
| 12 | Seaweeds of the mangrove and associated ecosystems The seaweeds of the mangrove and associated ecosystems are discussed. Seaweeds occur not only in the sea but also in various marine environs such as estuaries, backwaters, mangroves and other associated ecosystems. In general, mangrove environment is unfavourable for the growth of many macroalgae because of lack of suitable substratum. Thick carpets of green algae like Caulerpa and Cladophoropsis grow on the mangrove mud under the shade provided by the mangrove canopy. Zonation of algae in the mangrove environment is governed by tides. Algae such as Bostrychia radicans and Caloglossa leprieuri, occurring on the roots of Rhizophora and Avicennia are found distributed throughout the year showing tolerance to fluctuating salinities. Mangroves are in close association with seagrass and coral reef ecosystems. Seaweeds can be employed successfully for monitoring heavy metal pollution in the mangrove environment as they are the 'Sentinel' organisms for heavy metals and their bioaccumulation is several thousand times with respect to water concentration Source: Kannan, L. Conservation of mangrove forest genetic resources: A training manual. Deshmukh, S.V. ; Balaji, V. eds. 1994; 283-286. 1488. | ||
| 13 | Seaweeds of the mangrove and associated ecosystems The seaweeds of the mangrove and associated ecosystems are discussed. Seaweeds occur not only in the sea but also in various marine environs such as estuaries, backwaters, mangroves and other associated ecosystems. In general, mangrove environment is unfavourable for the growth of many macroalgae because of lack of suitable substratum. Thick carpets of green algae like Caulerpa and Cladophoropsis grow on the mangrove mud under the shade provided by the mangrove canopy. Zonation of algae in the mangrove environment is governed by tides. Algae such as Bostrychia radicans and Caloglossa leprieuri, occurring on the roots of Rhizophora and Avicennia are found distributed throughout the year showing tolerance to fluctuating salinities. Mangroves are in close association with seagrass and coral reef ecosystems. Seaweeds can be employed successfully for monitoring heavy metal pollution in the mangrove environment as they are the 'Sentinel' organisms for heavy metals and their bioaccumulation is several thousand times with respect to water concentration Source: Kannan, L. Conservation of mangrove forest genetic resources: A training manual. Deshmukh, S.V. ; Balaji, V. eds. 1994; 283-286. 1489. | ||
| 14 | Ecology and biodiversity of Indian mangroves. The mangroves and the mangrove associates of the Indian Sunderbans were described in relation to their morphometric features, anatomical characteristics and also with their distinct halophytic adaptations. Besides their structural and habitat distinctness, their economic importance, distribution in the different mangrove habitats of the Indian sub-continent and the mangals of both old and new world tropics and sub-tropics were also highlighted based on the pioneer works on the Indian and world mangroves Source: Naskar, K.; Mandal, R. 1999; 754; pp. 1626.
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