| 1 | The importance of shore-types in intertidal ecology of Indian marine algae Intensive studies on the ecology of intertidal marine algae of India are very few. No account has been taken of the shore-type in describing the ecological formations and associations. In most cases, zonation patterns have been described, after the systems proposed for temperate regions. this is not valid for tropical waters such as the Indian coast and rethinking is necessary in formulating an acceptable system of zonation. In this connection a consideration of shore-types in India and the environmental factors operating on them becomes important. Four basic types of shore can be distinguished along the Indian coasts, viz., (1) sandy shores, (2) rocky shores, (3) coral formations, and (4) estuarine regions. These can be further classified into (1) silt covered rocky areas, (2) sand covered bedrock extending as a reef into the sea, (3) steep rocky shores, (4) rocky shores with overhanging cliffs, (5) coral reefs, (6) lagoons sheltered by coral reefs, (7) estuarine lagoons, (8) backwaters, and (9) mangrove swamps and salt marshes. The ecological parameters in the different types of shore are considered and their role emphasised in studies on intertidal ecology Source: Krishnamurthy, V.; Subbaramaiah, K. Proc. Indian Natl. Sci. Acad. (B: Biol. Sci.). 38(3-4); 1972; 259-266. 0050. | ||
| 2 | The importance of shore-types in intertidal ecology of Indian Marine Algae Intensive studies on the ecology of intertidal marine algae of India are very few. No account has been taken of the shore-type in describing the ecological formations and associations. In most cases, zonation patterns have been described, after the systems proposed for temperate regions. This is not valid for tropical waters such as the Indian coast and rethinking is necessary in formulating an acceptable system of zonation. In this connection a consideration of shore-types in India and the environmental factors operating on them becomes important. Four basic types of shore can be distinguished along the Indian coasts, viz., (1) sandy shores, (2) rocky shores, (3) coral formations, and (4) estuarine regions. These can be further classified into (i) silt covered rocky areas, (ii) sand covered bedrock extending as a reef into the sea, (iii) steep rocky shores, (iv) rocky shores with overhanging cliffs, (v) coral reefs, (vi) lagoons sheltered by coral reefs, (vii) estuarine lagoons, (viii) backwaters, and (ix) mangrove swamps and salt marshes. The ecological parameters in the different types of shore are considered and their role emphasised in studies on intertidal ecology Source: Krishnamurthy, V.; Subbaramaiah, K. Proceedings of the Symposium on Marine Intertidal Ecology held at the Department of Zoology, Andhra University, Waltair, January 22-24, 1970. INSA Bull.. 47; 1974; 259-266. 0057. | ||
| 3 | Pirotan Island - flora, fauna and natural history This report is prepared for the World Wildlife Fund (Western Region), highlighting on the flora and fauna, natural history of Pirotan Island in the Kutch Gulf. Various aspects covered are vegetation, mangroves, seaweeds terrestrial flora, fauna of the region Source: Parulekar, A.H.; Untawale, A.G. Report on flora, fauna and natural history of Pirotan Island in the Gulf of Kutch. 1976; 1-5. 0090. | ||
| 4 | Some ecological and biochemical observation on Caloglossa leprieurii (Harvey) from Zuari Estuary, Goa Ecology of Caloglossa leprieurii (Harvey) a benthic algal species from mangrove swamp was studied in relation to the climatological and hydrological factors. Maximum biomass of 11.7 g/m2 (wet weight) was recorded in October, which decreased during January and February to nil. The alga prefers diffused light, fairly high temperatures, high nutrients and optimum salinity ranging between 10 ppt to 20 ppt. Major metabolites showed 272.75 mg/g dry weight was recorded in September. Organic carbon ranged from 19.9% to 36%, while C:N ratio varied from 3 to 40 Source: Jagtap, T.G.; Untawale, A.G. Seaweed Res. Util.. 4(1); 1980; 17-24. 0126. | ||
| 5 | Occurrence of genus Monostroma (Ulvales, Chlorophyta) from Ratnagiri (Maharashtra, India) The occurrence of a genus Monostroma has been recorded from the Shirgaon creek at Ratnagiri along the central west coast of India. The Monostroma sp. was found in the brackish water environment with low salinity, high nutrients and thick mangrove vegetation Source: Untawale, A.G.; Agadi, V.V.; Dhargalkar, V.K. Mahasagar. 13(2); 1980; 179-181. 0138. | ||
| 6 | Ecological studies in relation to the mangrove environment along the Goa coast, India The ecology of mangroves along the Goa coast, India as compared to other regions along the Indian coast was studied. The physical parameters, structure and composition of mangroves, mangrove ecosystems, distribution of organic matter, effects of petroleum products and pesticides on mangrove seedlings, utilization and management of mangroves of Goa coast were analysed. It revealed that due to constant human pressure such as the indiscriminate cutting of mangroves, reclamation for agriculture and fish farming, overgrazing by domestic cattle have severely degraded the mangroves along the Goa coast. Proper management and better utilization of the mangrove ecosystem along the Goa coast is recommended Source: Jagtap, T.G. 1985; 212; pp. 0245. | ||
| 7 | Studies on the associate flora in the mangrove environment of Goa, India Ecological observations have been made on marine algae and seagrasses from the mangrove environment of Goa, India. Plant samples along with thallus and rhizoides were collected from nine stations; viz. Mandovi (M1-M3), Zuari (Z1-Z3) and Terekhol (T1-T3) in every month. These samples were washed thoroughly and presented in 4% formalin for further identification. A total of 44 species of marine algae belonging to 30 genera have been reported. The distribution of these species was very seasonal. The seagrass species Halophila beccarii was observed to be associated in the mangrove environment of Goa Source: Jagtap, T.G. The Mangroves: Proceedings of National Symposium on Biology, Utilization and Conservation of Mangroves, Nov. 18-20, 1985. Bhosale, L.J. ed. 1986; 180-187. 0300. | ||
| 8 | Blue-green algae in saline habitats of West Bengal: A systematic account Sixty seven blue-green algal taxa were collected from various saline habitats of West Bengal. These forms mostly produce algal covering over the saline soil substratum and thus reclaim the soil by adding nitrogen and organic materials. In general, cyanophycean community with species of Oscillatoria, Lyngbya, Phormidium and Microcoleus occurs on bare mud flats and muddy soil between phanerogams. The pneumatophores of mangrove plants are covered with a number of blue green algae viz., species of Calothrix, Anabaena, Lyngbya, Hydrocoleum, Schizothrix along with some red algae viz., Caloglossa, Catenella and Bostrychia. Several epiphytic blue-green algae like Dermocarpa, Xenococcus, Chaemosiphon, Stichosiphon are also recorded. The planktonic blue green forms are dominated by species of Trichodesmium, Synechococcus, Apanothece, Gloeocapsa, Gloeothece, Merismopedia, Oscillatoria, Fohannesbaptistia, Microcystis and Stigonema. These planktonic species presumably contribute very much to primary production of the estuary. In partly reclaimed areas, the water-logged rice fields or brackishwater fish tanks are also colonised by a number of cyanophycean algal forms viz., species of Aulosira, Spirulina, Arthrospira, Gloeotrichia, Calothrix, Nostoc, Anabaens, Oscillatoria, Aphanocapsa, Myxosarcina, Crinalium, Polyclamydum. Lyngbya, Rhaphidiopsis and Microchaete etc., along with some salt tolerant green algae like Enteromorpha and Ulva. These forms provide a significant contribution to the soil fertility and nutrient balance in the wet land eco-system Source: Santra, S.C.; Pal, U.C.; Maity, H.; Bandyopadhyaya, G. Biol. Mem.. 14(1); 1988; 81-108. 0463. | ||
| 9 | Marine algae of mangrove delta region of West Bengal, India: Benthic forms A systematic accounts of the benthic marine algae of mangrove delta region of West Bengal, India have been studied. In all eighteen genera and thirtyone species belonging to Cyanophyceae, Chlorophyceae, Rhodophyceae and Xanthophyceae have been described and illustrated in this present work Source: Santra, S.C.; Pal, U.C. Indian Biol.. 20(2); 1988; 31-41. 0465. | ||
| 10 | Mangrove research in Goa Mangrove ecosystems are characterized by a richness of organic matter. A large portion of the organic matter in the form of detritus in mangrove environments originate from mangrove vegetation, which forms major energy source in the marine food chain (Odum & Heald, 1972). Within mangrove ecosystem, various living communities and physico-chemical factors are interlinked by processes, which cause a continuous exchange and assimilation of energy. In addition to mangroves, the associate flora such as fungi, phytoplanktons, benthic algae, seagrasses, also contributes considerable amount of detritus towards coastal and marine food webs. These mangrove ecosystems and associate biota, are considered to be highly productive and dynamic ecosystems, and thought to be of great importance in the biological and nutrient regeneration processes. Besides, mangrove resources have been exploited for various purposes, all of which support the national economy. The mangrove resources along the Goa coast are relatively very poor compared to mangrove resources of the other states. In the present status report various aspects of mangrove environments of Goa have been discussed, based on the data collected by NIO, CSIR, Goa Source: Untawale, A.G.; Jagtap, T.G.; Wafar, S. INDO-US Workshop on Wetlands, Mangroves and Biosphere Reserves, 4-7, January 1989. 1988; 98-128. 0470. | ||
| 11 | Mangrove forest of the Sundarbans: its impact on estuarine fisheries The Sundarbans tidal estuary comprise an area of 4266.6 sq km, of which the tidal and intertidal mangrove forest area is estimated of 2300 sq km. Sundarbans mangrove forest, only 30 true mangrove species are identified in addition to 117 other halophytic salt resistant mangrove associates. About 120 euryhaline fin-and-shell-fishes were also identified from about 45% of the total tidal area of the Sundarbans. Moreover, 33000 ha brackishwater in West Bengal delta are also utilized for fin-and-shell-fish culture. Requirement of stocking materials of these fisheries are met from this tidal mangrove forest area. The halophytic adaptation of the mangrove flora and its associates afford an unique opportunity to the euryhaline fish and prawn to survive and grow in such unique ecosystem. The dense growth of the tidal and intertidal mangroves along with their interesting aerial root systems, decayed leaves and tender branches act as substrata for the growth and development of periphytic, benthic and planktonic forms of brackishwater algae. These also serve as the ideal natural food items for most of the fishes and crustaceans. As such, the conservation and scientific management of these mangrove ecosystems are now urgently needed for keeping the nature in its true perspectives Source: Naskar, K.R.; Ghosh, A. Coastal Zone Management of West Bengal. Bose, A.N. ; Dwivedi, S.N. Eds. 1989; A47-A59. 0507. | ||
| 12 | Marine algal flora of Goa The coast line of Goa (lat 14 degrees, a'-15 degrees, 52'N and long 73 degrees 38' - 74 degrees 24'E) with the length of 120 kms has been surveyed extensively for marine algae. Altogether 77 species of algae are collected from various places of Goa. A groupwise representation is as follows. Cyanophyceae -23, Phaeophyceae -22, Chlorophyceae -23 and Rhodophyceae 29. Habitats like intertidal, estuarine and subtidal regions are of algal interest. Intertidal region has been surveyed thoroughly. Porphyra, Gracilaria, Gelidium, Ulva, Sargassum are the economically important algae occur along this coast. Various seaweeds are analysed for their biochemical contents & bioactive substances Calcified algae (Articulated corallines and Padina) are studied for taxonomy, distribution, mineral content surface morphology, Phenology and biological associations. But crustose corallines are remained untouched. Dilophus sp. & Coeloseira indica and the estimate for the standing crop of algae is very less (27,00 tonnes yr-1). Mangrove environment of Goa supports a few algae with low standing crop and the dominant species are Enteromorpha, Caloglossa, Gracilaria verrucosa, Bostrychia etc. Available data on subtidal region is very scanty and is restricted to the depth 3-6m. Species of Padina, Stoechospermum, Sargassum and Amphiroa are common in this region. Overall, marine algal flora of Goa is `tropical'type and shows continuity with the West Coast of India and also with the submerged banks. Algal representation is very poor both qualitatively and quantitatively Source: Ambiye, V. Biodiversity of Goa. 1992; p.3. 0779. | ||
| 13 | Mangrove ecosystems of India: A need for protection India has a mangrove cover of 3150 m-2, over 80% of which occurs along the east coast and in the Andaman Islands. The mangrove flora comprises 50 species and is dominated by Avicennia marina, A. officinalis, A. alba, Rhizophora apiculata, and R. mucronata. The mangroves of the Andamans are dominated by R. stylosa, followed by R. mucronata and Bruguiera gymnorhiza. These environments harbour rich biota of terrestrial and marine origin. In general, the mangrove ecosystems of India, can be categorized as degraded. Biotic pressure is constantly increasing and immediate protection and conservation of these ecosystems is necessary. Afforestation of mangroves seems to be a promising solution for the restoration of species habitats Source: Jagtap, T.G.; Chavan, V.S.; Untawale, A.G. Ambio. 22(4); 1993; 252-254. 0791. | ||
| 14 | Algae associated with mangroves The algae associated with mangroves is described. Substrate plays very important role in algal establishment in intertidal and subtidal areas. Algae colonising the mud surface are seasonal because of the unstable conditions caused by the erosion and accretion. Mud surface harbours unicellular algae. Multicellular algae was dominated by blue-green form on the mud surface. The benthic algae of the mud surface are represented by the green filamentous Enteromorpha clathrate, Rhizoclonium sp. and thalloid Monostroma sp. etc. These algae were found to be growing in extreme conditions in the salinity range from 30-40 ppt, temperature and nutrients and high light intensity. Sometimes due to the strong cyclonic winds, algae growing in the nearby rocky area are uprooted and enter the mangrove area. The epiphytic algal flora on mangrove trunks, pneumatophores, stilt roots, upper branches and canopies are comparatively poor. With regard to biotic factors there are a number of animals grazing on mangrove associated algal species. Mangrove habitat as a whole is unfavourable for the growth of algal species because of the lack of stable substrate, high turbidity and physiological stress Source: Dhargalkar, V.K. Conservation of mangrove forest genetic resources: A training manual. Deshmukh, S.V. ; Balaji, V. eds. 1994; 279-282. 0848. | ||
| 15 | Mangrove communities The spatial distribution of various species of mangroves in an estuarine environment was studied. The region was divided into estuarine, polyhaline, mesohaline and oligohaline. No mangroves were found in the euhaline region. The most dominant species were Avicennia, officinalis and Kandelia rheedii. The threat to the ecosystem due to urbanization and industrialization was also studied Source: Jagtap, T.G. Biodiversity information kit produced. 1994; 3-6. 0882. | ||
| 16 | Macroalgae of the Sarada and Varaha estuarine complex The occurrance and distribution of mangrove population and the associated macroalgae at Sarada and Varaha estuaries, Andhra Pradesh, India are reported. Avicennia officinalis, A. marina and Aegiceras corniculatum were found to be abundant and halophytes like Suaeda maritima, S. monoica and Salicornia brachiata were predominantly present along the transitional zones and near the salt pans of the estuarine complex. The associated algal flora are Bostrychia tenella, Caloglossa leprieurii, Catenella impudica and Enteromorpha sp Source: Rao, G.M.N.; Venkanna, P. Indian J. Forest.. 19(2); 1996; 203-204. 0950. | ||
| 17 | Studies on the associated flora in the mangrove environment of Mithbav Creek The study of associated flora in the mangrove environment was conducted at Mithbav creek, Maharashtra, India (Lat. 16 degrees 20 minutes N, Long. 73 degrees 25 minutes E) in October 1996 to September 1997 for the first time. The major algae recorded were Chlorophyta, Phaeophyta, Rhodophyta, Cyanophyta and Seagrasses. A total 29 species of marine algae belonging to 24 genera and two species of grasses have been reported from the mangrove swamps of Mithbav Creek. Source: Yeragi, S.S.; Yeragi, S.G. Proceedings of the National Seminar on Creeks, Estuaries and Mangroves - Pollution and Conservation, 28th to 30th November, 2002, Thane. Quadros, G. ed. 2002; 243-246. 1231. | ||
| 18 | Prioritization of potential sites for marine biodiversity conservation in India Tropical marine ecosystems of the Indian subcontinent harbour a large number of species belonging to various habitats that include mangrove swamps, estuaries, lagoons, muddy, sandy/rocky shores, and oceanic islands. In India, although the marine biological research has been going on for a long time, there are several groups of living, or endangered (some extinct) organisms, about which there is no proper scientific information available. There are various ecosystems and species that are threatened as a result of several developmental activities like over-exploitation, pollution, reclamation, etc. These include coral reefs, mangroves, marine algae and seagrasses, conventional fishery resources, the rare groups of faunal elements and various microorganisms responsible for different activities. On the advent of the industrial revolution, the coastal regions have threatened by industrial pollution, and by habitat destruction because of dredging sand mining, reclamation and rapid urbanization. Only a fraction of these species affected are known to science. The IUCN has categorized this biota into extinct, endangered, vulnerable, rare indeterminate, out of danger and insufficiently known. It would be premature to decide the specific priorities based on the scattered and inadequate data available. Though data on marine species and ecosystems is still sparse, on the basis of available data it is possible to identify the undisturbed areas along the coast where biodiversity is rich. There are, fortunately, already some Biosphere Reserves, Sanctuaries, National Parks declared along the Indian coast. Similarly, detailed inventories can be prepared separately for he marine flora and the fauna in order to identify priority areas for conservation. Source: Untawale, A.G.; Dhargalkar, V.K.; Deshmukhe, G.V. Setting biodiversity conservation priorities for India: Summary of the findings and conclusions of the biodiversity conservation prioritisation project. Singh, S. ; Sastry, A.R.K.; Mehta, R.; Uppal, V. eds. 1; 2000; 104-131. 1278. | ||
| 19 | Sundarbans mangrove: Ecology and wild life - This part deals with flora only. The mangrove vegetation of Sunderbans and Andaman Island, India has been described. Besides this, the determination of the tiger population by use of pug mark supplement and by various other parameters was taken into account. The breeding biology and bio-ecology of rock bee, avi-fauna, fish, crab and on several other animals was also studied Source: Chaudhuri, A.B.; Chakrabarti, K. 1989; 210; pp. 1417. | ||
| 20 | Floristic composition of the deltaic regions of India Various abiotic and biotic factors as well as the coastal geomorphology, influence formation of deltaic environment. The cover of salt tolerant flora is of significance in the stabilization of the delta. The root system of pioneer species, hold the sediments and enhances the accretion. The stabilized deltaic regions are further strengthened by climax species of mangroves. The composition and distribution pattern, are normally governed by the salinity gradient. The natural developments ultimately result in the formation of dominant and highly productive mangrove ecosystem in the deltaic regions. Along the Indian Coast, major deltas in Ganges, Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna, and Cauvery, are situated along the east coast, and the mangrove forests account for about 80% of the total, while they are only 20% on the west coast. The total mangrove cover in deltaic swamps has been estimated to be approximately 2,56,000 h. The flora of the deltaic regions is comprised of 47 species of mangroves and 37 species of associate angiosperms Source: Untawale, A.G.; Jagtap, T.G. Quaternary Deltas of India. Vaidyanadhan, R. ed. Mem. Geol. Soc. India No. 22. 1991; 243-263. 1466. | ||
| 21 | Seaweeds of the mangrove and associated ecosystems The seaweeds of the mangrove and associated ecosystems are discussed. Seaweeds occur not only in the sea but also in various marine environs such as estuaries, backwaters, mangroves and other associated ecosystems. In general, mangrove environment is unfavourable for the growth of many macroalgae because of lack of suitable substratum. Thick carpets of green algae like Caulerpa and Cladophoropsis grow on the mangrove mud under the shade provided by the mangrove canopy. Zonation of algae in the mangrove environment is governed by tides. Algae such as Bostrychia radicans and Caloglossa leprieuri, occurring on the roots of Rhizophora and Avicennia are found distributed throughout the year showing tolerance to fluctuating salinities. Mangroves are in close association with seagrass and coral reef ecosystems. Seaweeds can be employed successfully for monitoring heavy metal pollution in the mangrove environment as they are the 'Sentinel' organisms for heavy metals and their bioaccumulation is several thousand times with respect to water concentration Source: Kannan, L. Conservation of mangrove forest genetic resources: A training manual. Deshmukh, S.V. ; Balaji, V. eds. 1994; 283-286. 1488. | ||
| 22 | Seaweeds of the mangrove and associated ecosystems The seaweeds of the mangrove and associated ecosystems are discussed. Seaweeds occur not only in the sea but also in various marine environs such as estuaries, backwaters, mangroves and other associated ecosystems. In general, mangrove environment is unfavourable for the growth of many macroalgae because of lack of suitable substratum. Thick carpets of green algae like Caulerpa and Cladophoropsis grow on the mangrove mud under the shade provided by the mangrove canopy. Zonation of algae in the mangrove environment is governed by tides. Algae such as Bostrychia radicans and Caloglossa leprieuri, occurring on the roots of Rhizophora and Avicennia are found distributed throughout the year showing tolerance to fluctuating salinities. Mangroves are in close association with seagrass and coral reef ecosystems. Seaweeds can be employed successfully for monitoring heavy metal pollution in the mangrove environment as they are the 'Sentinel' organisms for heavy metals and their bioaccumulation is several thousand times with respect to water concentration Source: Kannan, L. Conservation of mangrove forest genetic resources: A training manual. Deshmukh, S.V. ; Balaji, V. eds. 1994; 283-286. 1489. | ||
| 23 | Seaweeds of the mangrove and associated ecosystems The seaweeds of the mangrove and associated ecosystems are discussed. Seaweeds occur not only in the sea but also in various marine environs such as estuaries, backwaters, mangroves and other associated ecosystems. In general, mangrove environment is unfavourable for the growth of many macroalgae because of lack of suitable substratum. Thick carpets of green algae like Caulerpa and Cladophoropsis grow on the mangrove mud under the shade provided by the mangrove canopy. Zonation of algae in the mangrove environment is governed by tides. Algae such as Bostrychia radicans and Caloglossa leprieuri, occurring on the roots of Rhizophora and Avicennia are found distributed throughout the year showing tolerance to fluctuating salinities. Mangroves are in close association with seagrass and coral reef ecosystems. Seaweeds can be employed successfully for monitoring heavy metal pollution in the mangrove environment as they are the 'Sentinel' organisms for heavy metals and their bioaccumulation is several thousand times with respect to water concentration Source: Kannan, L. Conservation of mangrove forest genetic resources: A training manual. Deshmukh, S.V. ; Balaji, V. eds. 1994; 283-286. 1490. | ||
| 24 | Prioritization of potential sites for marine biodiversity conservation in India Tropical marine ecosystems of the Indian subcontinent harbour a large number of species belonging to various habitats that include mangrove swamps, estuaries, lagoons, muddy, sandy/rocky shores, and oceanic islands. In India, although the marine biological research has been going on for a long time, there are several groups of living, or endangered (some extinct) organisms, about which there is no proper scientific information available. There are various ecosystems and species that are threatened as a result of several developmental activities like over-exploitation, pollution, reclamation, etc. These include coral reefs, mangroves, marine algae and seagrasses, conventional fishery resources, the rare groups of faunal elements and various microorganisms responsible for different activities. On the advent of the industrial revolution, the coastal regions have threatened by industrial pollution, and by habitat destruction because of dredging sand mining, reclamation and rapid urbanization. Only a fraction of these species affected are known to science. The IUCN has categorized this biota into extinct, endangered, vulnerable, rare indeterminate, out of danger and insufficiently known. It would be premature to decide the specific priorities based on the scattered and inadequate data available. Though data on marine species and ecosystems is still sparse, on the basis of available data it is possible to identify the undisturbed areas along the coast where biodiversity is rich. There are, fortunately, already some Biosphere Reserves, Sanctuaries, National Parks declared along the Indian coast. Similarly, detailed inventories can be prepared separately for he marine flora and the fauna in order to identify priority areas for conservation. Source: Untawale, A.G.; Dhargalkar, V.K.; Deshmukhe, G.V. Setting biodiversity conservation priorities for India: Summary of the findings and conclusions of the biodiversity conservation prioritisation project. Singh, S. ; Sastry, A.R.K.; Mehta, R.; Uppal, V. eds. 1; 2000; 104-131. 1610. | ||
| 25 | Ecology and biodiversity of Indian mangroves. The mangroves and the mangrove associates of the Indian Sunderbans were described in relation to their morphometric features, anatomical characteristics and also with their distinct halophytic adaptations. Besides their structural and habitat distinctness, their economic importance, distribution in the different mangrove habitats of the Indian sub-continent and the mangals of both old and new world tropics and sub-tropics were also highlighted based on the pioneer works on the Indian and world mangroves Source: Naskar, K.; Mandal, R. 1999; 754; pp. 1626.
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