| 1 | Ecology of a tidal pond in an estuarine environment, Karwar The ecology of a tidal pond in the Mavinahole estuarine creek, Karnataka, India has been worked out during the pre-monsoon period of 1979, and results on hydrological and biological factors have been presented. The study encompasses; plankton, macroalgae, seagrass-@iHalophila@@ sp., mangroves, benthos, nekton and the vertical zonation. The value of the tidal pond as a nursery and breeding ground for phytal and faunal populations, many of which are of commercial importance, has also been made clear. The prevalence of larval forms within this ecosystem, and its importance in the maintenance of local population is implied. The role of such ecosystems in the productivity of estuarine and inshore waters through aquaculture and fisheries is also briefly discussed Source: Bopaiah, B.A.; Neelakantan, B. Mahasagar. 15(1); 1982; 29-36. 0167. | ||
| 2 | The Pitchavaram (India) mangrove ecosystem The mangrove biome brings together the terrestrial (forest), marine, freshwater and brackishwater ecosystems. The external sources of energy input to the mangrove ecosystems are (1) through solar radiation, (2) through the organic matter contained in the run off draining into it, (3) through rainfall, and (4) through the flow of tidal water from the adjoining seas. The dynamic functioning of the mangrove ecosystem depends upon energy inputs and the metabolism of the ecosystem components. The components respsonsible for community metabolism can be recognised: (i) the communities dependent upon or associated with mangrove vegetation (including the bird community, ant community, crab community, fouling and boring communities); (ii) the semiaquatic communities (such as intertidal and mudflat communities); and (iii) the aquatic-communities (include planktonic, nektonic and benthic communities). The links of energy flow in the ecosystem includes (1) the nutrient cycling and regeneration from additional source, like litter biodeterioration; (2) the quantum of freshwater drainage into the ecosystem and their regulation, and the effect of tidal energy input; (3) the organic matter and nutrient export to the neighbouring ecosystem mainly the marine ecosystem, through tidal ebb and flow; (5) gaseous exchange between the atmosphere and the biotic components of ecosystem chiefly through photosynthesis, and the energy transfer at the air-water interface; and (5) the harvestable living resources from mangrove forest and from the associated waterways Source: Krishnamurthy, K.; Jeyaseelan, M.mJ.P. Int. J. Ecol. Environ. Sci.. 9(2); 1983; 79-85. 0171. | ||
| 3 | Human's impacts on the Pichavaram mangrove ecosystem a case study from Southern India Various type of human settlement and activities along the mangrove ecosystem in Pichavaram, Tamil Nadu (India) are described. This mangrove ecosystem is influenced by mixing of neritic water, brackish water and fresh water. Coastal human communities are highly dependent on mangrove ecosystem. Activities like grazing, bund construction for fishing, aquaculture and reclamation of land have caused erosion of the banks, species extinction, and ecological imbalance of the mangrove ecosystem Source: Krishnamurthy, K.; Jeyaseelan, M.J.P. Proceedings of the Asian Symposium on Mangrove Environment Research and Management. Soepadmo, E. ; Rao, A.N. Eds. 1984; 624-632. 0237. | ||
| 4 | Ecological studies in relation to the mangrove environment along the Goa coast, India The ecology of mangroves along the Goa coast, India as compared to other regions along the Indian coast was studied. The physical parameters, structure and composition of mangroves, mangrove ecosystems, distribution of organic matter, effects of petroleum products and pesticides on mangrove seedlings, utilization and management of mangroves of Goa coast were analysed. It revealed that due to constant human pressure such as the indiscriminate cutting of mangroves, reclamation for agriculture and fish farming, overgrazing by domestic cattle have severely degraded the mangroves along the Goa coast. Proper management and better utilization of the mangrove ecosystem along the Goa coast is recommended Source: Jagtap, T.G. 1985; 212; pp. 0245. | ||
| 5 | Studies on littoral flora of Andaman Islands Marine macrophytes of Andaman islands were qualitatively surveyed. In all 40 genera, 64 species of marine algae, 17 genera, 22 species of mangroves while 3 genera, 3 species of seagrasses are reported. There were 26 species of rhodophyta, 21 species of chlorophyta, 14 species of phaeophyta and 3 species of cyanophyta. The dominants were Acetabularia calyculus, Codium taitense. Halimeda species. Dictyosphaeria cavernosa, Padina pavonia, Pocockiella sp. Turbinaria species, Galaxaura species. The mangrove flora is dominated by Rhizophora apiculata, R. mucronata and Avicennia marina. Seagrasses Thalassia hemprichii and Halodule univervis were commonly observed in the infralittoral zone Source: Jagtap, T.G. Marine Plants: All India Symposium on Marine Plants, their Biology, Chemistry and Utilization, Dona Paula, Goa October 30 - November 1, 1983. Krishnamurthy, V. ; Untawale, A.G. Eds. 1985; 43-50. 0254. | ||
| 6 | An appraisal of the prospects for aquaculture in the Mavinahole estuarine tidal creek, Karwar The 8 km long 'Mavinahole' estuarine creek, located near the mouth of the Kali River, Karnataka, India, forms a natural nursery and breeding ground for a variety of finfishes and shellfishes. This paper presents data on the hydrological characters, the analysis of bottom grab samples, experimental fishing operations, all of which reveal the abundance of a wide range of cultivable species, their tolerance to widely varying physico-chemical conditions. The results thus obtained, on the rich floral and faunal associations, the deposition of organic site and sedimented clay, the tidal mud flats, the mangrove vegetation, halophytic grasses, dense epiphytic algal growth, variety of planktonic forms and the abundance of post larvae, frys, spats and juveniles of commercially important fishes and shellfishes, suggest that 'Mavinahole' has all the characteristics of an ideal ecosystem with great promise for aquacultural activities Source: Bopaiah, B.A.; Neelakantan, B. Proceedings of the Symposium on Coastal Aquaculture, held at Cochin from January 12 to 18, 1980. Part 4: Culture of other organisms, environmental studies, training, extension and legal aspects. Silas, E.G. ; Rao, P.V.; Nair, P.V.R.; Rengarajan, K.; Jacob, T.; Mathew, K.J.; Raj, R.P.; Kulasekharapandian, S.; Ponniah, A.G. eds. Mar. Biol. Assoc. India Symp. Ser. 6. 1986; 1047-1052. 0277. | ||
| 7 | Prospects of aquaculture in a mangrove ecosystem The mangrove ecosystem at Pichavaram, near Parangipettai, Tamil Nadu, India is one of the best coastal zone ecosystems for aquaculture practices. The procurement of wild variety seeds from these typical nursery grounds are of economic importance. The diverse niches existing in the mangrove ecosystem provide opportunities for herbivorous, carnivorous and omnivorous types of fish culture. The naturally endowed nutrients and the abundant detritus pave way to a flourishing food web and thus to a unique and surplus potential of amenable aquaculture species. The detritus feeders promise more yield, among the tropic tiers of organisms of the mangroves. About 30 species of ichthyofauna and 20 species of shellfishes amenable for aquaculture are available from these mangroves. The appropriate seasons for collecting these wild fry resources for aquaculture practices are listed. The seasonal availability of adult fishes with ripe gonads for breeding in captivity is given. Certain species with appreciable growth rate observed in these natural waters are recommended for aquaculture. Organisms fit for polyculture in these environs are discussed. Problems related to environmental variables such as salinity, temperature, dissolved oxygen, tides, monsoonal precipitation and drainage are discussed. Biotic problems such as seed resources, recruitment failure, menace by predators, threat posed to mangrove vegetation through siltation by farm construction and deforestation are discussed. Aquaculture in mangroves can be used for replacing illicit fishing of under sized fishery resources Source: Krishnamurthy, K.; Jeyaseelan, M.J.P. Proceedings of the Symposium on Coastal Aquaculture, held at Cochin from January 12 to 18, 1980. Part 4: Culture of other organisms, environmental studies, training, extension and legal aspects. Silas, E.G. ; Rao, P.V.; Nair, P.V.R.; Rengarajan, K.; Jacob, T.; Mathew, K.J.; Raj, R.P.; Kulasekharapandian, S.; Ponniah, A.G. eds. Mar. Biol. Assoc. India Symp. Ser. 6. 1986; 1059-1067. 0278. | ||
| 8 | Studies on the associate flora in the mangrove environment of Goa, India Ecological observations have been made on marine algae and seagrasses from the mangrove environment of Goa, India. Plant samples along with thallus and rhizoides were collected from nine stations; viz. Mandovi (M1-M3), Zuari (Z1-Z3) and Terekhol (T1-T3) in every month. These samples were washed thoroughly and presented in 4% formalin for further identification. A total of 44 species of marine algae belonging to 30 genera have been reported. The distribution of these species was very seasonal. The seagrass species Halophila beccarii was observed to be associated in the mangrove environment of Goa Source: Jagtap, T.G. The Mangroves: Proceedings of National Symposium on Biology, Utilization and Conservation of Mangroves, Nov. 18-20, 1985. Bhosale, L.J. ed. 1986; 180-187. 0300. | ||
| 9 | Mangrove research in Goa Mangrove ecosystems are characterized by a richness of organic matter. A large portion of the organic matter in the form of detritus in mangrove environments originate from mangrove vegetation, which forms major energy source in the marine food chain (Odum & Heald, 1972). Within mangrove ecosystem, various living communities and physico-chemical factors are interlinked by processes, which cause a continuous exchange and assimilation of energy. In addition to mangroves, the associate flora such as fungi, phytoplanktons, benthic algae, seagrasses, also contributes considerable amount of detritus towards coastal and marine food webs. These mangrove ecosystems and associate biota, are considered to be highly productive and dynamic ecosystems, and thought to be of great importance in the biological and nutrient regeneration processes. Besides, mangrove resources have been exploited for various purposes, all of which support the national economy. The mangrove resources along the Goa coast are relatively very poor compared to mangrove resources of the other states. In the present status report various aspects of mangrove environments of Goa have been discussed, based on the data collected by NIO, CSIR, Goa Source: Untawale, A.G.; Jagtap, T.G.; Wafar, S. INDO-US Workshop on Wetlands, Mangroves and Biosphere Reserves, 4-7, January 1989. 1988; 98-128. 0470. | ||
| 10 | Present status of the estuarine flora of the Godavari and the Krishna While working for the district flora projects (1980-86), the author surveyed extensively the mangrove forests of the Godavari and the Krishna Estuaries and collected a good number of mangroves and their associates. The total collections represent 45 species of 37 genera belonging to 26 families (45/37/26). Among them 15/10/8 are true mangroves, 18/18/13 mangrove associates, 10/8/6 halophytes and 2/1/1 sea grasses. The survey resulted in the identification of Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea Gaertn. f. (Rubiaceae), a rare mangrove species for the Indian mainland. One very interesting observation is Prasopis chilensis (Molina) Stuntz growing in association with Sonneratia, Acanthus etc. Source: Venkanna, P. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.. 88(1); 1991; 47-54. 0621. | ||
| 11 | Biodeterioration of mangroves by wood-borers Mangroves are endangered ecosystems on account of their destruction by human activities. Further, massive infestation by bacteria, fungi and wood-boring animals cause extensive damage to the mangroves all along the coast of India. Hence, the present investigation was made to study the intensity of biodeterioration by wood-borers from Pichavaram mangroves (Lat. 11 degrees 26'N; Long. 79 degrees 48'E) of Tamil Nadu. Sphaeroma terebrans Bate (Crustacean, isopod), is the most predominant wood-borer in the mangroves. Other wood-borers are Bankia campanellata Moll and Roch, B. cariata (Gray), Dicyathifer manni (Wrighy), Lyrodus pedicellatus (Quatrefages), Teredo furcifera von Martens, Martesia striata Linne. and Sphaeroma annadaalei Stebbing. Studies were also made to control S. terebrans in laboratory conditions by using marine plant extracts. Among the 21 extracts tested, leaves of Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh., Halophila ovalis (R.Br.) Hook. F and hypocotyl of Rhizophora apiculata Blume were toxic to the wood-borer with the 24 h LC50 values of 1.26 and 1.74 mg.ml-1 respectively. This paper emphasises the important area of marine bioactive compounds as wood preservatives Source: Sivakumar, A.; Kathiresan, K. National Seminar on Conservation & Management of Mangrove Ecosystem with Special Reference to Sunderbans, December 6-8, 1991. 1991; p.35. 0731. | ||
| 12 | Distribution of seagrass meadows along the Goa coast Seagrass meadows, confined to marine as well as estuarine environments serve as nursery and breeding grounds for marine organisms. The present paper encompasses qualitative, quantitative and few relevant ecological aspects of seagrass meadows along the Goa coast. The seagrass beds from Goa are mostly patchy and confined to the sheltered estuarine swamps. The flora comprised of Halophila beccarii and H. ovalis. H. beccarii was commonly occurred in association with mangroves in the Polyhaline and mesohaline zones (salinity 5-30%). However, the larger beds of H. beccarii were observed in the polyhaline (salinity 18-30%) regions. The maximum (26.44-2 gm wet weight) biomass of H. beccarii occurred during October when the salinity was lower (10%) and sunshine hours more. Large patches of H. beccarii occurred only in mangrove swamps of Terekhol (0.01 km2) and Mandovi (0.005 km2). A patch of approximately 500 m2 of H. ovalis, was recorded from enhaline (salinity 30%) zone of Mandovi estuary, only during March to June, when the salinity of the area remained 33%. The seagrass flora from the Goa coast was observed to be relatively very poor (qualitatively and quantitatively) compared to the other regions of India Source: Jagtap, T.G. Biodiversity of Goa. 1992; p.15. 0782. | ||
| 13 | Mangrove ecosystems of India: A need for protection India has a mangrove cover of 3150 m-2, over 80% of which occurs along the east coast and in the Andaman Islands. The mangrove flora comprises 50 species and is dominated by Avicennia marina, A. officinalis, A. alba, Rhizophora apiculata, and R. mucronata. The mangroves of the Andamans are dominated by R. stylosa, followed by R. mucronata and Bruguiera gymnorhiza. These environments harbour rich biota of terrestrial and marine origin. In general, the mangrove ecosystems of India, can be categorized as degraded. Biotic pressure is constantly increasing and immediate protection and conservation of these ecosystems is necessary. Afforestation of mangroves seems to be a promising solution for the restoration of species habitats Source: Jagtap, T.G.; Chavan, V.S.; Untawale, A.G. Ambio. 22(4); 1993; 252-254. 0791. | ||
| 14 | Marine flora of Andaman and Nicobar group of Islands, Andaman Seas, India Marine microphytes form an important constituent of island ecosystem. Therefore the present study is an account of mangroves, seaweeds and seagrasses from Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Mangroves in Andaman are represented by 27 spp but Rhizophora mucronata Lamk and R. stylosa Griff forms the dominant vegetation. While anly 10 spp are recorded in Nicobar. Maximum of seven species of seagrasses were recorded from Katchal and Nancowry in Nicobar however only four species were recorded from Andaman. A total of 105 species of sea weeds have been recorded in Andaman and Nicobar islands Source: Jagtap, T.G. Andaman and Nicobar Islands: Challenges of developments. Suryanarayan, V. ; Sudarsen, V. eds. 1994; 133-143. 0880. | ||
| 15 | Mangrove communities The spatial distribution of various species of mangroves in an estuarine environment was studied. The region was divided into estuarine, polyhaline, mesohaline and oligohaline. No mangroves were found in the euhaline region. The most dominant species were Avicennia, officinalis and Kandelia rheedii. The threat to the ecosystem due to urbanization and industrialization was also studied Source: Jagtap, T.G. Biodiversity information kit produced. 1994; 3-6. 0882. | ||
| 16 | Gulf of Mannar marine biosphere reserve.Part 1 deals with flora only. "Biosphere Reserves are protected areas of representative environment," the Gulf of Mannar is one of the Marine Biosphere Reserve (GOMMBRE) situated along the coastline of east coast of India and Sri lanka. It is covering an area of 10,500 sq. km. and included 21 islands. The Gulf of Mannar is one of the biologically richest and important habitat for sea algae, seagrass, coral reef pearl banks, sacred chank bed, fin and shell fish resources, mangrove endemic and endangered species. Nearly 3,600 species of flora and fauna are represented here. The 21 islands and Gulf of Mannar are declared as marine national park in 1986 for the purpose of protecting marine wild life and its environment by Government of India and state of Tamil Nadu. Objectives of GOMMBRE, bio-physical environmental features, important fauna and flora, management strategy and infrastructural facilities are discussed Source: Upreti, A.; Shanmugaraj, T. 1997; 47; pp. 1007. | ||
| 17 | Manual of fish eggs and larvae from Asian mangrove waters Information regarding the early developmental stages of some economically important fishes occurring in the mangrove waters of South Asia and part of Pacific is provided. The aspects such as taxonomy, ecological information, evolutionary significance, etc. are also described briefly Source: Jeyaseelan, M.J.P. 1998; 193; pp. 1055. | ||
| 18 | Mangrove diversity and its role for sustaining productivity of the N.W. coast in India The paper deals with mangrove diversity and its role for sustaining productivity along the coastal region of Gujarat, Maharashtra and Goa, India. Based on recent literature and survey, the study revealed that there are approx. 22 mangroves and approx. 68 mangrove associates along the above coastal region of India. The study also resulted in publication of 3 new records viz. Bruguiera cylindrica, Dolichandrone spathacea and Porteresia coarctata at state level and 2 new records for west coast viz., Halophila ovalis sub sp. ramamurthiana and Roccella belangeriana. The phytodiversity also includes several hundred species (approx. 1550) including various epiphytic and terrestrial ferns, orchids, parasites, sea-grasses, sea-weeds, soil binders, etc - collected or noted from creeks, wetlands islands and sandy/stony beach areas. The paper also deals with economic and medicinal value of mangroves, various environmental factors (biotic and abiotic) and its impact on mangroves and other species. Regeneration of mangroves and management plan of Government of India especially for conservation of the fragile marine ecosystem are also discussed. Source: Kothari, M.J. Proceedings of the National Seminar on Creeks, Estuaries and Mangroves - Pollution and Conservation, 28th to 30th November, 2002, Thane. Quadros, G. ed. 2002; 226-233. 1227. | ||
| 19 | Studies on the associated flora in the mangrove environment of Mithbav Creek The study of associated flora in the mangrove environment was conducted at Mithbav creek, Maharashtra, India (Lat. 16 degrees 20 minutes N, Long. 73 degrees 25 minutes E) in October 1996 to September 1997 for the first time. The major algae recorded were Chlorophyta, Phaeophyta, Rhodophyta, Cyanophyta and Seagrasses. A total 29 species of marine algae belonging to 24 genera and two species of grasses have been reported from the mangrove swamps of Mithbav Creek. Source: Yeragi, S.S.; Yeragi, S.G. Proceedings of the National Seminar on Creeks, Estuaries and Mangroves - Pollution and Conservation, 28th to 30th November, 2002, Thane. Quadros, G. ed. 2002; 243-246. 1231. | ||
| 20 | Biodiversity of the Muthupet mangroves, southeast coast of India Present study deals with the rich biotic diversity of Muthupet mangroves, Tamil Nadu, India. Mangrove and associates include 61 plant species, 6 species of seagrasses, 10 species of seaweeds and 6 species of fresh water hydrophytes. Monospecific dominance of Avicennia marina is unique. 113 species of insects and 13 species of spiders were identified. It is the habitat for crustaceans (14 species), molluscs (18 species) fishes (73 species) and is abundant in fishery seed resources. Oyster beds on the emerged landpockets is noteworthy. The visit and mass nesting of diversified migratory and water birds (160 species) during winter adds the scenic beauty. Proper management and conservation of the ecosystem is recommended. Source: Oswin, S.D. Seshaiyana. 6(1); 1998; 9-11. 1281. | ||
| 21 | Seaweeds of the mangrove and associated ecosystems The seaweeds of the mangrove and associated ecosystems are discussed. Seaweeds occur not only in the sea but also in various marine environs such as estuaries, backwaters, mangroves and other associated ecosystems. In general, mangrove environment is unfavourable for the growth of many macroalgae because of lack of suitable substratum. Thick carpets of green algae like Caulerpa and Cladophoropsis grow on the mangrove mud under the shade provided by the mangrove canopy. Zonation of algae in the mangrove environment is governed by tides. Algae such as Bostrychia radicans and Caloglossa leprieuri, occurring on the roots of Rhizophora and Avicennia are found distributed throughout the year showing tolerance to fluctuating salinities. Mangroves are in close association with seagrass and coral reef ecosystems. Seaweeds can be employed successfully for monitoring heavy metal pollution in the mangrove environment as they are the 'Sentinel' organisms for heavy metals and their bioaccumulation is several thousand times with respect to water concentration Source: Kannan, L. Conservation of mangrove forest genetic resources: A training manual. Deshmukh, S.V. ; Balaji, V. eds. 1994; 283-286. 1488. | ||
| 22 | Seaweeds of the mangrove and associated ecosystems The seaweeds of the mangrove and associated ecosystems are discussed. Seaweeds occur not only in the sea but also in various marine environs such as estuaries, backwaters, mangroves and other associated ecosystems. In general, mangrove environment is unfavourable for the growth of many macroalgae because of lack of suitable substratum. Thick carpets of green algae like Caulerpa and Cladophoropsis grow on the mangrove mud under the shade provided by the mangrove canopy. Zonation of algae in the mangrove environment is governed by tides. Algae such as Bostrychia radicans and Caloglossa leprieuri, occurring on the roots of Rhizophora and Avicennia are found distributed throughout the year showing tolerance to fluctuating salinities. Mangroves are in close association with seagrass and coral reef ecosystems. Seaweeds can be employed successfully for monitoring heavy metal pollution in the mangrove environment as they are the 'Sentinel' organisms for heavy metals and their bioaccumulation is several thousand times with respect to water concentration Source: Kannan, L. Conservation of mangrove forest genetic resources: A training manual. Deshmukh, S.V. ; Balaji, V. eds. 1994; 283-286. 1491. | ||
| 23 | Seaweeds of the mangrove and associated ecosystems The seaweeds of the mangrove and associated ecosystems are discussed. Seaweeds occur not only in the sea but also in various marine environs such as estuaries, backwaters, mangroves and other associated ecosystems. In general, mangrove environment is unfavourable for the growth of many macroalgae because of lack of suitable substratum. Thick carpets of green algae like Caulerpa and Cladophoropsis grow on the mangrove mud under the shade provided by the mangrove canopy. Zonation of algae in the mangrove environment is governed by tides. Algae such as Bostrychia radicans and Caloglossa leprieuri, occurring on the roots of Rhizophora and Avicennia are found distributed throughout the year showing tolerance to fluctuating salinities. Mangroves are in close association with seagrass and coral reef ecosystems. Seaweeds can be employed successfully for monitoring heavy metal pollution in the mangrove environment as they are the 'Sentinel' organisms for heavy metals and their bioaccumulation is several thousand times with respect to water concentration Source: Kannan, L. Conservation of mangrove forest genetic resources: A training manual. Deshmukh, S.V. ; Balaji, V. eds. 1994; 283-286. 1492. | ||
| 24 | Larvicidal activity of some marine macrophytes against Artemia salina Petroleum ether (PE) and chloroform (C) soluble fractions of methanolic extracts of nine different macrophytes viz. mangroves (Derris heptaphyla, Salvadora persica, Sonneratia caseolaris and Clerodendrum inerme), seaweeds (Acanthophora muscoides and Microdictyon pseudohapteron, seagrasses (Halophila ovalis and Syringodium isoetifolium and lichens (Umbilicaria aprine) were tested for larvicidal activity using Artemia salina nauplii. The LC50 values for the PE-fraction of M. pseudohapteron and A. muscoides and C-fraction of S. isoetifolium were found to be 11.75, 42.5 and 41.5 ppm respectively. Varying LC50 values below 100 ppm were shown by the C-fraction of U. aprine (53 ppm), M. pseudohapteron (73 ppm), S. casseolaris (77 ppm), S. persica (84.37 ppm) and C. inerme (98 ppm). All the remaining fractions were effective at levels between 100 and 500 ppm. The PE-fraction of S. isoetifolium was ineffective even at 500 ppm Source: PrabhaDevi; Solimabi, W.; DeSouza, L.; Kamat, S.Y. Adv. Biosci.. 17(2); 1998; 75-84. 1500. | ||
| 25 | Application of remote sensing data to monitor mangroves and other coastal vegetation of India Remote sensing data, because of its repetitive, synoptic and multi-spectral nature, has proved to be of an immense value in monitoring of coastal vegetation. Indian Remote Sensing Satellite (IRS) data have been extensively used to map mangroves and other coastal vegetation for the entire country's coastline. Large database on spatial extent of mangroves and their condition has been created on 1:250,000, 1:50,000 and 1:25,000 scale using IRS data (the database provides information for the first time on the mangrove areas of the entire Indian coast). Based on this study, it was observed that the Kori creek, Gujarat, has large area under mangroves. The repetitive nature of the data has helped in monitoring vital and critical areas, periodically. In one such study, on the Marine National Park, in the Gulf of Kachchh, mangrove areas were monitored for the last 25 years. The degradation of mangroves continued up to 1985 and the condition significantly improved due to the adoption of conservation measures. This has helped in planning various management actions to conserve this vital ecosystem. IRS data have been used in identifying dominant plant communities in many mangrove areas such as Bhitarkanika, Coringa, Mandovi estuary in Goa and the Gulf of Kachchh, etc. This is a unique approach for providing spatial information at plant community level and can be seen as a first step towards bio-diversity assessment. Along with the mangroves, seaweed, seagrass beds and dune vegetation have also been mapped with reasonable accuracy. With the better sensors planned for future, remote sensing-based information is going to be one of the major inputs in the preparation of management action plans. Source: Nayak, S.; Bahuguna, A. Indian J. Mar. Sci.. 30(4); 2001; 195-213. 1511. | ||
| 26 | Prioritization of potential sites for marine biodiversity conservation in India Tropical marine ecosystems of the Indian subcontinent harbour a large number of species belonging to various habitats that include mangrove swamps, estuaries, lagoons, muddy, sandy/rocky shores, and oceanic islands. In India, although the marine biological research has been going on for a long time, there are several groups of living, or endangered (some extinct) organisms, about which there is no proper scientific information available. There are various ecosystems and species that are threatened as a result of several developmental activities like over-exploitation, pollution, reclamation, etc. These include coral reefs, mangroves, marine algae and seagrasses, conventional fishery resources, the rare groups of faunal elements and various microorganisms responsible for different activities. On the advent of the industrial revolution, the coastal regions have threatened by industrial pollution, and by habitat destruction because of dredging sand mining, reclamation and rapid urbanization. Only a fraction of these species affected are known to science. The IUCN has categorized this biota into extinct, endangered, vulnerable, rare indeterminate, out of danger and insufficiently known. It would be premature to decide the specific priorities based on the scattered and inadequate data available. Though data on marine species and ecosystems is still sparse, on the basis of available data it is possible to identify the undisturbed areas along the coast where biodiversity is rich. There are, fortunately, already some Biosphere Reserves, Sanctuaries, National Parks declared along the Indian coast. Similarly, detailed inventories can be prepared separately for he marine flora and the fauna in order to identify priority areas for conservation. Source: Untawale, A.G.; Dhargalkar, V.K.; Deshmukhe, G.V. Setting biodiversity conservation priorities for India: Summary of the findings and conclusions of the biodiversity conservation prioritisation project. Singh, S. ; Sastry, A.R.K.; Mehta, R.; Uppal, V. eds. 1; 2000; 104-131. 1606. | ||
| 27 | Prioritization of potential sites for marine biodiversity conservation in India Tropical marine ecosystems of the Indian subcontinent harbour a large number of species belonging to various habitats that include mangrove swamps, estuaries, lagoons, muddy, sandy/rocky shores, and oceanic islands. In India, although the marine biological research has been going on for a long time, there are several groups of living, or endangered (some extinct) organisms, about which there is no proper scientific information available. There are various ecosystems and species that are threatened as a result of several developmental activities like over-exploitation, pollution, reclamation, etc. These include coral reefs, mangroves, marine algae and seagrasses, conventional fishery resources, the rare groups of faunal elements and various microorganisms responsible for different activities. On the advent of the industrial revolution, the coastal regions have threatened by industrial pollution, and by habitat destruction because of dredging sand mining, reclamation and rapid urbanization. Only a fraction of these species affected are known to science. The IUCN has categorized this biota into extinct, endangered, vulnerable, rare indeterminate, out of danger and insufficiently known. It would be premature to decide the specific priorities based on the scattered and inadequate data available. Though data on marine species and ecosystems is still sparse, on the basis of available data it is possible to identify the undisturbed areas along the coast where biodiversity is rich. There are, fortunately, already some Biosphere Reserves, Sanctuaries, National Parks declared along the Indian coast. Similarly, detailed inventories can be prepared separately for he marine flora and the fauna in order to identify priority areas for conservation. Source: Untawale, A.G.; Dhargalkar, V.K.; Deshmukhe, G.V. Setting biodiversity conservation priorities for India: Summary of the findings and conclusions of the biodiversity conservation prioritisation project. Singh, S. ; Sastry, A.R.K.; Mehta, R.; Uppal, V. eds. 1; 2000; 104-131. 1607.
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